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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Lineage Commitment01:21

Lineage Commitment

Commitment is the  process whereby stem cells:
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
Graded and Abrupt Responses
Some signaling systems generate...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Updated: Jul 1, 2026

An Efficient and High Yield Method for Isolation of Mouse Dendritic Cell Subsets
09:09

An Efficient and High Yield Method for Isolation of Mouse Dendritic Cell Subsets

Published on: April 18, 2016

The dendritic cell identity crisis: Why do conflicting classifications demand a consensus framework?

Guilherme Souza-Silva1

  • 1Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

Immunology Letters
|June 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Single-cell technologies reveal dendritic cell (DC) diversity but cause naming conflicts. A unified classification framework for DC subsets is needed for better disease understanding and therapies.

Keywords:
DC3 lineageDendritic cell classificationMyeloid progenitorNomenclatureSingle-cell transcriptomicscDC2 ontogeny

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Published on: March 7, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Single-cell technologies offer high resolution of dendritic cell (DC) heterogeneity.
  • This has led to conceptual fragmentation and conflicting nomenclature in the field.
  • Divergent models of conventional type 2 DC (cDC2) ontogeny and the identity of the DC3 subset are debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically analyze conflicting classifications of DC subsets.
  • To focus on the cDC2A/DC2A developmental dichotomy and new populations like transitional DC-derived DC2s (tDC2s).
  • To emphasize the impact of these disputes on mechanistic understanding and therapeutic targeting.

Main Methods:

  • Critical analysis of existing literature and classifications.
  • Focus on ontogenetic and functional criteria for DC classification.
  • Integration of newly described DC populations.

Main Results:

  • Conflicting classifications of DC subsets, particularly cDC2s and DC3s, hinder scientific progress.
  • Distinct roles of pro-DC3s in viral myocarditis and tDC2s in immune tolerance highlight the importance of accurate classification.
  • Current disputes extend beyond semantics, impacting disease mechanisms and therapeutic strategies.

Conclusions:

  • A consensus framework based on rigorous ontogenetic and functional criteria is urgently needed.
  • Harmonizing DC classification is crucial for translating high-resolution data into clinical insights.
  • Standardized nomenclature will advance mechanistic understanding and therapeutic targeting in immunology.