[Application and prospects of transcranial temporal interference stimulation in the treatment of mental disorders]

Transcranial temporal interference stimulation (tTIS) generates a low-frequency envelope through the interference of two high-frequency electric fields, enabling non-invasive and precise neuromodulation of deep brain regions. This article systematically reviews the technical principles, neuromodulatory mechanisms, and preliminary applications of tTIS in the treatment of mental disorders. It analyzes the impact of key parameters on therapeutic efficacy, including target selection, frequency difference, current intensity, stimulation protocol, and individualized computational modeling. The review also summarizes current research evidence for tTIS in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and substance use disorders. Finally, this article discusses future directions, including mechanistic exploration, validation through randomized controlled trials, multi-target intelligent stimulation, and combination therapies, aiming to provide a reference for the clinical translation of tTIS.