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Updated: Jul 1, 2026
Modeling Oral-Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in 3D Organoids
Published on: December 23, 2022
Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as a Prognostic Biomarker in Experimental Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma Induced by
Akeem Moradehun Bamiro1,2, Zul Izhar Mohd Ismail1,3, Sharifah Emilia Tuan Sharif3,4
1Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kelantan, Malaysia.
Background:
Oral squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue is the most common type of head and neck malignancy and is associated with poor survival. Although inflammatory blood indices, such as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), have prognostic value in human cancers, their role in preclinical oral cancer models is poorly defined.
Aim:
To evaluate the prognostic performance of post-induction NLR, PLR, and LMR for short-term survival in rats with 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO)-induced tongue squamous cell carcinoma.
Methods:
Female Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to 50 ppm 4NQO in drinking water for 20 weeks. Complete blood counts were obtained at baseline and after tumor induction to compute systemic inflammatory indices. 18 rats were included in the survival study, and the overall survival was defined as the time from the post-induction blood assessment (start of the 42-day observation period) to death/euthanasia, with animals alive at day 42 right-censored. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis with Youden's index was used to select the most sensitive model and derive an optimal cutoff for 42-day mortality. Kaplan-Meier curves with log-rank testing were used to compare survival between the biomarker strata.
Results:
The ROC analysis demonstrated good discrimination for NLR [area under the curve (AUC) 0.901], while PLR (AUC 0.358) and LMR (AUC 0.265) showed poor discrimination. The optimal NLR cutoff was 0.5463 (sensitivity, 0.889; 1-specificity, 0.111; Youden's index, 0.778). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed markedly poorer survival in rats with NLR > 0.55, with 8/9 deaths versus 1/9 deaths in the ≤ 0.55 group (log-rank p < 0.001).
Conclusion:
Post-induction NLR derived from routine complete blood counts modestly discriminated 42-day survival in a 4NQO-induced rat model of tongue squamous cell carcinoma, supporting its use as a potential prognostic biomarker in resource-limited preclinical settings and as a basis for larger, controlled studies.