Bacterial diversity in certain captive snake species in Bulgaria: A One Health challenge - pilot study

Snakes are becoming increasingly popular companion animals in Bulgaria, yet their potential as zoonotic pathogen reservoirs remains underexplored.

This study examined the presence of bacteria in captive pet snakes and assessed the public health risks associated with their handling.

Bacteriological analysis was conducted on 29 snake samples from pythons, boas, corn snakes, and one venomous species. Each individual was nurtured in a carefully controlled environment, receiving a specialized diet primarily consisting of frozen rodents. This approach ensures optimal health and well-being. Standard microbiological techniques were used for bacterial isolation and identification, and the results were confirmed using the Vitek 2 Compact System.

Salmonella enterica (group B) was isolated from eight samples, indicating a notable prevalence of this pathogen among the examined snakes. Several other bacterial genera were identified, including Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus spp., Proteus spp., Enterobacteriaceae spp., Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Enterococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Achromobacter denitrificans, Citrobacter koseri, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

The study highlights the potential zoonotic risks associated with snake keeping, particularly when reptiles come in direct contact or are exposed to contaminated environments. Food sources can act as potential transmission mechanisms for microbial contamination. It is essential to adopt strict hygiene practices, conduct regular monitoring of snake health, and implement appropriate feeding and cleaning protocols to minimize the risk of bacterial transmission between snakes and humans.