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Related Concept Videos

Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...
Common Ion Effect03:24

Common Ion Effect

Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects01:29

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

Non-stoichiometric defects refer to a type of defect in the crystal structure of a compound where the ratio of its constituent elements deviates from the ideal stoichiometric ratio. There are two main types of non-stoichiometric defects: metal excess defects and metal deficiency defects.Metal excess defects occur when there is a slight surplus of metal ions than what is required by the stoichiometric ratio of the compound. For example, heating a sodium chloride crystal in sodium vapor results...
Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary cation—the calcium...
The Nernst Equation02:59

The Nernst Equation

Nonstandard Reaction Conditions
The interconnection between standard cell potentials and various thermodynamic parameters such as the standard free energy change ΔG° and equilibrium constant K has been previously explored. For example, a redox reaction involving zinc(II) and tin(II) ions at 1 M concentration with Eºcell = +0.291 V and ΔG° = −56.2 kJ is spontaneous.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
10:03

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

Published on: November 11, 2013

In Situ Defect Healing Suppresses Mn Dissolution Chain Reactions in Aqueous Sodium-Ion Cathodes.

Wenqing Du1, Lin Xu1, Yi Yang1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.

Nano-Micro Letters
|June 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers stabilized sodium manganese hexacyanoferrate (Mn-HCF) cathodes for aqueous sodium-ion batteries (ASIBs) by introducing iron(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate (Fe(OTf)3). This prevents capacity fade by refilling vacancies, enabling long-lasting battery performance.

Keywords:
Aqueous sodium-ion batteriesChain reactionsIn situ defect healingMn dissolutionPrussian blue analogs

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Last Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Sodium manganese hexacyanoferrate (Mn-HCF) is a cost-effective cathode material for aqueous sodium-ion batteries (ASIBs) with high theoretical capacity.
  • Practical use is limited by rapid capacity fading due to manganese (Mn) dissolution and lattice instability.
  • Existing mitigation strategies for Mn dissolution offer only temporary solutions and do not address subsequent degradation pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the degradation mechanism of Mn-HCF cathodes in ASIBs.
  • To develop a novel strategy to prevent Mn dissolution and subsequent degradation.
  • To enhance the long-term cycling stability of Mn-HCF cathodes for practical ASIBs.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the degradation chain reaction initiated by Mn dissolution in Mn-HCF.
  • Introduced iron(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate (Fe(OTf)3) into a concentrated NaClO4 aqueous electrolyte.
  • Fabricated and tested a full cell with the stabilized Mn-HCF cathode and a PTCDI anode.

Main Results:

  • Identified a degradation chain reaction involving Mn dissolution, water oxidation, protonation, ligand dissociation, and Fe-HCF precipitation.
  • Demonstrated that Fe3+ ions effectively occupy Mn vacancies, halting the degradation chain reaction.
  • Achieved exceptional cycling stability: 80% capacity retention after 20,000 cycles at 2 A g-1 (0.001% fade rate per cycle).

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals a critical degradation pathway in Mn-HCF cathodes and proposes a real-time vacancy refilling strategy.
  • Fe(OTf)3 addition effectively stabilizes the Mn-HCF structure by preventing Mn dissolution and subsequent parasitic reactions.
  • The stabilized Mn-HCF cathode shows remarkable long-term cycling performance, outperforming most reported ASIB cathodes.