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Related Concept Videos

Spermatogenesis01:41

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male reproductive...
Menopause01:28

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
Sex-linked Disorders01:43

Sex-linked Disorders

Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.

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Exploring the Effects of Spaceflight on Mouse Physiology using the Open Access NASA GeneLab Platform
11:08

Exploring the Effects of Spaceflight on Mouse Physiology using the Open Access NASA GeneLab Platform

Published on: January 13, 2019

Female reproductive dysfunction and transgenerational consequences following prolonged spaceflight exposure.

Xiaoman Hong1, Fereshteh Dalouchi1, John C Prom1

  • 1Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|June 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Spaceflight negatively impacts female reproduction and offspring health across generations. Maternal spaceflight exposure causes reproductive vulnerability in F1 and F2 offspring, raising concerns for future space missions.

Keywords:
fertilitymicrogravityreproductionspaceflighttransgenerational inheritance

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Exploring the Effects of Spaceflight on Mouse Physiology using the Open Access NASA GeneLab Platform
11:08

Exploring the Effects of Spaceflight on Mouse Physiology using the Open Access NASA GeneLab Platform

Published on: January 13, 2019

Orthotopic Ovarian Transplantation Procedures to Investigate the Life- and Health-span Influence of Ovarian Senescence in Female Mice
06:49

Orthotopic Ovarian Transplantation Procedures to Investigate the Life- and Health-span Influence of Ovarian Senescence in Female Mice

Published on: February 12, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Space Biology
  • Reproductive Science
  • Generational Health

Background:

  • Spaceflight poses risks to astronauts, but its effects on female reproduction and offspring are understudied.
  • Understanding these impacts is crucial for long-duration space exploration and colonization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the impact of spaceflight on the female reproductive system.
  • To evaluate the reproductive, behavioral, metabolic, and functional outcomes in first (F1) and second (F2) generation offspring.

Main Methods:

  • NASA Rodent Research 20 mission involving a 42-day spaceflight.
  • Analysis of female reproductive parameters (ovulation, implantation, fecundity).
  • Assessment of F1 and F2 offspring for growth, behavior, metabolism, and reproductive health.

Main Results:

  • Spaceflight dams showed slight fecundity decline post-return.
  • F1 offspring exhibited significant growth, functional, and behavioral differences.
  • F1 females displayed reduced ovarian reserves (anti-Mullerian hormone) and premature fertility loss.
  • F2 offspring showed transgenerational metabolic and reproductive disturbances, including reduced ovarian reserve.

Conclusions:

  • Spaceflight has significant short- and long-term effects on female reproductive health.
  • Reproductive vulnerability can be biologically transmitted across generations following maternal spaceflight.
  • Findings raise concerns for the health of space travelers and the feasibility of colonization missions.