Advances in mycobacteriophage research: from lytic mechanisms to one health applications

Mycobacteriophages are viruses that specifically infect mycobacterial hosts. Owing to their ability to penetrate the unique and complex cell wall barrier of mycobacteria, mycobacteriophages have recently emerged as promising tools for the diagnosis and treatment of drug-resistant mycobacterial infections. This review systematically summarizes the classification, genomic features, lytic and lysogenic mechanisms of mycobacteriophages, as well as the intricate defense and counter - defense strategies between phages and their hosts. Furthermore, from a One Health perspective, we explore the diverse applications of mycobacteriophages across human health, animal health, and environmental management, including rapid detection, treatment of drug-resistant infections, environmental surveillance and occupational exposure management. Collectively, mycobacteriophages are promising for combating drug-resistant infections and playing an important role in integrated One Health strategies.