The recent progression of extracellular vesicles application in osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a type of chronic disease that leads to elevated bone fragility and increased risk of fractures. The principal characteristics of this condition include reduced bone density and bone quality, impaired bone microstructure, and increased vulnerability to fractures. These fractures frequently occur in elderly individuals, resulting in significant health impairment and disruption to their daily lives. The economic consequences of osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related fractures can be substantial. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a category of small particles that are secreted by cells under both normal and pathological conditions. These particles contain various active substances, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. These elements play a pivotal role in various processes within the human body, including cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Recent studies have indicated that EVs have also made significant progress in the field of osteoporosis, demonstrating considerable potential for application. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis and risk factors of osteoporosis, and the therapeutic and diagnostic application of EVs in osteoporosis and the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, the current limitations of applications and potential solutions are also discussed. This review will provide researchers with new insights and research direction in the future.