The applications of organoids in kidney diseases: progress and challenges

Kidney organoids are a type of three-dimensional cellular aggregates derived from primary tissues or stem cells cultured in vitro. Under specific induction conditions, these cell aggregates can differentiate into complex renal nephron structures, including glomeruli, proximal tubules, and distal tubules. These cells have been demonstrated to possess a remarkable capacity for self-renewal and self-organization, demonstrating a high degree of structural and functional similarity to the structure of kidney organs and the certain renal functions. Due to their ability to replicate the key renal structures and functions, they hold significant potential in various areas of kidney disease research, including novel drug development, disease modeling, personalized medicine, and therapeutic interventions for kidney diseases. In this review, we summarize the recent advancements in organoid culture technology and the applications of organoids in kidney diseases. The technical challenges and current limitations of organoid technology and possible solutions are also discussed. The aim of this review is to promote the development of organoid technology and to provide the theoretical knowledge for researchers in related fields.