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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Inhibition of Cdk Activity02:34

Inhibition of Cdk Activity

The orderly progression of the cell cycle depends on the activation of Cdk protein by binding to its cyclin partner. However, the cell cycle must be restricted when undergoing abnormal changes. Most cancers correlate to the deregulated cell cycle, and since Cdks are a central component of the cell cycle, Cdk inhibitors are extensively studied to develop anticancer agents. For instance, cyclin D associates with several Cdks, such as Cdk 4/6, to form an active complex. The cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complex...
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...

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Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells
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Checkpoint inhibitors create rogue regulatory T cells.

Smriti Parashar, Klaus Ley

    The Journal of Clinical Investigation
    |July 1, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Researchers discovered atypical regulatory T cells (AtpTregs) linked to immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced inflammatory arthritis (ICI-IA). Targeting these cells with anti-IL6R therapy may treat ICI-IA while preserving anti-tumor immunity.

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    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Oncology
    • Rheumatology

    Background:

    • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) treat cancer but can cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs).
    • Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced inflammatory arthritis (ICI-IA) is a significant irAE.
    • Regulatory T cells (Tregs) normally suppress immune responses.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To identify immune cells involved in ICI-IA.
    • To investigate the function and therapeutic potential of these cells.

    Main Methods:

    • Identification and characterization of a novel Treg subset (AtpTregs) in patients with ICI-IA.
    • Functional assays to assess AtpTreg suppressive capacity and phenotype.
    • Analysis of the association between AtpTregs, arthritis severity, and cancer outcomes.
    • Evaluation of anti-IL6R therapy (tocilizumab) in a small cohort of patients with ICI-IA.

    Main Results:

    • A subset of Tregs, termed atypical Tregs (AtpTregs), coexpressing CD137 and IL-6 receptor (IL6R), were enriched in patients with ICI-IA.
    • AtpTregs showed reduced suppressive function and a proinflammatory phenotype.
    • Higher AtpTreg levels correlated with more severe arthritis but also improved cancer outcomes.
    • Tocilizumab treatment reduced AtpTreg abundance, alleviated arthritis, and maintained antitumor immunity.

    Conclusions:

    • AtpTregs are a key cellular player in ICI-IA pathogenesis.
    • Targeting IL-6 receptor with therapies like tocilizumab may effectively manage ICI-IA.
    • Anti-IL6R therapy holds potential for treating ICI-IA and other irAEs involving AtpTregs, while preserving anti-tumor effects.