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Related Concept Videos

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects01:10

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects

The presence of electron-donating, electron-withdrawing, or conjugating groups adjacent to a radical center, imparts electronic stabilization to the radicals. Examples of such electronically-stabilized radicals are triphenylmethyl, tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxide, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl. These radicals are remarkably stable and are known as persistent radicals. Some of the persistent radicals can even be isolated and purified.
Along with electronic factors, steric factors also account...
Radical Anti-Markovnikov Addition to Alkenes: Overview01:25

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Radical Halogenation: Stereochemistry01:33

Radical Halogenation: Stereochemistry

Stereochemistry is the study of the different spatial arrangements of atoms in a given molecule. The stereochemistry of radical halogenations can be understood from three different situations:
Halogenation to form a new chiral center:
Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals01:02

Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals

Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a low‐energy SOMO, which interacts...
Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals01:16

Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals

Radicals adjacent to electron-donating groups are called nucleophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with electrophilic alkenes. The SOMO–LUMO interactions are the driving force for the reaction, where the high-energy SOMO of the electron-rich, nucleophilic radicals interacts with the low-energy LUMO of the electron-deficient, electrophilic alkenes. Such SOMO–LUMO interactions are the basis of reactive radical traps, affecting the selectivity in radical reactions. For instance, consider...
Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Additions to Alkenes: Markovnikov's Rule02:17

Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Additions to Alkenes: Markovnikov's Rule

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Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators
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Radical switching Am/Eu selectivity in sterically restricted diglycolamides.

Mikhail A Kalinin1, Mariia V Evsiunina1, Paulina Kalle2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1 bld. 3, 119991 Moscow, Russia. chem.kalinin@gmail.com.

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
|July 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed new bisoxolactams for separating americium(III) and europium(III). Ligand tuning, including adding bulky groups, controls extraction efficiency and preference.

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Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
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Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes
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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators
06:31

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

Published on: November 27, 2015

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
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Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes
05:15

Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes

Published on: February 6, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Separation Science
  • Radiochemistry

Background:

  • Separation of trivalent actinides (Am) and lanthanides (Eu) is crucial for nuclear fuel reprocessing.
  • Developing selective extractants is key to efficient Am/Eu separation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize novel bisoxolactams as potential extractants.
  • To investigate their efficacy in separating Americium(III) and Europium(III).
  • To understand how ligand structure influences extraction selectivity.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of eight new bisoxolactams from 5-valerolactone and amines.
  • Development of a protocol for symmetrical and asymmetrical extractant preparation.
  • Extraction experiments to evaluate Am(III) and Eu(III) separation.

Main Results:

  • Successful preparation of novel bisoxolactam extractants.
  • Demonstrated tunability of extraction efficiency by adjusting ligand softness.
  • Identified that bulky tert-butyl groups reverse selectivity, favoring Am(III) over Eu(III).

Conclusions:

  • Bisoxolactams are effective extractants for Am(III)/Eu(III) separation.
  • Ligand design, particularly steric hindrance, is a powerful tool for controlling separation factors.
  • This work offers a pathway to improved nuclear waste management strategies.