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PFAS in Fast Foods with Hot-Contact to Food-Contact Materials: Occurrence, Packaging Influence, and Risk Priority.

Xiaomin Li1, Nannan Zhao1, Xin Liu1

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Summary

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) migrate from hot food packaging into fast food in China. Smaller brands and paper packaging showed higher PFAS levels, indicating a significant dietary exposure source.

Keywords:
PFASemerging dietary patternfast-food exposurefood-contact materialshot-contact migration

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Food Safety
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely used chemicals with growing environmental and health concerns.
  • Dietary exposure to PFAS through food-contact materials (FCMs) is a significant pathway, particularly in the context of hot-contact scenarios.
  • Limited data exists on PFAS contamination in China's rapidly growing fast-food market and its associated packaging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and levels of legacy and emerging PFAS in fast foods and their food-contact materials (FCMs) in China.
  • To assess the contribution of FCMs to dietary PFAS exposure under hot-contact conditions.
  • To identify key factors influencing PFAS migration and highlight emerging PFAS of concern in the fast-food supply chain.

Main Methods:

  • Survey of 150 fast food samples and 150 corresponding FCMs from Chinese markets.
  • Quantification of 32 legacy and emerging PFAS using advanced analytical techniques.
  • Statistical analysis to correlate PFAS levels in food and FCMs, and to identify factors influencing migration.

Main Results:

  • PFAS were ubiquitously detected in all analyzed fast foods and FCMs.
  • Paper-based FCMs exhibited the highest PFAS concentrations, with food PFAS profiles mirroring those of paired FCMs.
  • Smaller fast-food brands and soup-based instant foods showed significantly higher PFAS burdens.
  • A controlled experiment confirmed substantial PFAS migration from paper packaging into instant foods, driven by 6:2 fluorotelomer substance (6:2 FTS).

Conclusions:

  • Hot-contact food packaging is a significant, previously underestimated source of dietary PFAS exposure in China.
  • Emerging PFAS, particularly 6:2 FTS, are of increasing concern due to their prevalence in FCMs and migration potential.
  • Enhanced surveillance and regulatory measures are crucial for managing PFAS contamination in the fast-food industry.