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The Calvin Benson Cycle01:46

The Calvin Benson Cycle

Ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) is a critical enzyme that catalyzes carbon dioxide assimilation during photosynthesis. However, it is an inefficient enzyme, having an extremely slow catalytic rate. A typical enzyme can process about a thousand molecules per second; however, RuBisCo fixes only around three-carbon dioxides per second. Photosynthetic cells compensate for this slow rate by synthesizing very high amounts of RuBisCo, making it the most abundant single...
The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis01:34

The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis

The light reactions of photosynthesis assume a linear flow of electrons from water to NADP+. During this process, light energy drives the splitting of water molecules to produce oxygen. However, oxidation of water molecules is a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction and requires a strong oxidizing agent. This is accomplished by the first product of light reactions: oxidized P680 (or P680+), the most powerful oxidizing agent known in biology. The oxidized P680 that acquires an electron from the...
Photosystem I01:27

Photosystem I

Although structurally similar to photosystem II (PSII), photosystem I (PSI) is has a different electron supplier and electron acceptor.
Both these photosystems work in concert. An excited electron from PSII is relayed to PSI via an electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, which is comprised of the carrier molecule plastoquinone, the dual-protein cytochrome complex, and plastocyanin. As electrons move between PSII and PSI, they lose energy and must be re-energized...
Photosystem II01:22

Photosystem II

The multi-protein complex photosystem II (PS II) harvests photons and transfers their energy through its bound pigments to its reaction center, and ultimately to photosystem I (PSI) through the electron transport chain. The pigments responsible for caputirng the light energy in photosystems include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids.
The pigment molecules are arranged across  two photosystem domains — the antenna complex and the reaction center. The main aim of the pigment molecules...
Photosystems01:32

Photosystems

Photosystems are multiprotein complexes that form the functional units of photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. They are found embedded in the membrane of tiny sac-like structures called thylakoids placed inside the chloroplast.
Functioning of Photosystems
Photosystems contain many pigment molecules, such as chlorophylls and carotenoids, arranged in a particular organization across two domains — the antenna complex and the reaction center. The main aim of the pigment molecules...

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High-Throughput Metabolic Profiling for Model Refinements of Microalgae
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Improving GPP and SIF Simulation With a Mechanistic Photosynthesis Model Integrated Into the BEPS Framework.

Yue Liu1,2, Zhaoying Zhang1,2, Jennifer E Johnson3

  • 1International Institute for Earth System Sciences, Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.

Global Change Biology
|July 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces BEPS-CB6F, a new terrestrial biosphere model that improves simulations of plant photosynthesis and carbon uptake. The enhanced model accurately represents electron transport, leading to better predictions of gross primary productivity (GPP) and solar-induced fluorescence (SIF).

Keywords:
BEPS modelcytochrome b6f model (CB6F model)gross primary productivity (GPP)non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ)photosynthesissolar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF)

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High-Throughput, In-Field Screening of Photosynthetic Efficiency in Crop Plants Using an Autonomous Robot

Published on: January 9, 2026

Area of Science:

  • Earth System Science
  • Plant Physiology
  • Ecosystem Modeling

Background:

  • Terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) are crucial for carbon-cycle simulations.
  • Current TBMs often use empirical electron transport models (e.g., FvCB), limiting accuracy in simulating gross primary productivity (GPP) and solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF).
  • Accurate representation of plant photosynthesis is vital for understanding global carbon dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce BEPS-CB6F, an improved TBM incorporating a mechanistic cytochrome b6f (Cyt b6f) scheme (CB6F).
  • To enhance the simulation of GPP and SIF by replacing empirical formulations with a process-based energy-allocation framework.
  • To improve the representation of photoprotective processes and canopy light responses.

Main Methods:

  • Integrated the Johnson and Berry CB6F scheme into the Biosphere-atmosphere Exchange Process Simulator (BEPS), creating BEPS-CB6F.
  • Implemented a process-based energy-allocation framework linking GPP and SIF through shared physiological parameters (Vqmax, β2).
  • Incorporated cyclic electron flow (CEF), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), and photosynthetic control within a two-leaf canopy scheme.

Main Results:

  • BEPS-CB6F significantly improved SIF simulations, with RMSE and rRMSE reductions at over 90% of flux-tower sites.
  • Moderate but consistent improvements in GPP simulations were observed, with higher R2 and reduced RMSE at over 80% of sites.
  • The model accurately captured midday suppression of GPP and SIF under heat and high vapor pressure deficit (VPD) conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The mechanistic representation of electron transport via CB6F substantially enhances TBM performance in simulating GPP and SIF.
  • BEPS-CB6F demonstrates improved accuracy under varying light, temperature, and humidity conditions, particularly during heatwaves.
  • This mechanistic approach offers a promising pathway for more reliable predictions of terrestrial carbon uptake and fluorescence.