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Lipid-Protein Membrane Structure-Function Characterization using Droplet Interface Bilayers
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Nanometer scale imaging to develop quantitative descriptors of bipolar membrane junction structure.

Maria Kelly1,2, Emily R Dunn3,4, Ellis A Spickermann3,5

  • 1Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA. markell@sandia.gov.

Scientific Reports
|July 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Electrically polarizing bipolar membranes (BPMs) enables pH control via water dissociation. New atomic force microscopy methods characterize BPM junctions at the nanoscale, revealing catalyst particle alignment during electrodialysis.

Keywords:
Atomic force microscopyBipolar membranesElectrodialysisImage analysisJunction morphologyNanoscale characterization

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Bipolar membranes (BPMs) enable pH swings through water dissociation, crucial for electrochemical processes.
  • Effective BPM junction design is vital for application-specific performance.
  • Current characterization methods lack the resolution to detail BPM junction nanostructure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and present adaptable workflows for characterizing BPM junction physical structure at the nanoscale.
  • To quantify structural descriptors like line edge roughness and catalyst layer thickness.
  • To investigate the impact of electrodialysis on BPM junction architecture.

Main Methods:

  • Sample preparation and atomic force microscopy (AFM) for imaging BPM junctions.
  • Imaging of junctions with and without graphene oxide (GO) water dissociation catalyst.
  • Image segmentation and analysis to quantify structural parameters.

Main Results:

  • AFM successfully imaged BPM junctions with nanometer-scale lateral resolution.
  • Quantified line edge roughness and GO catalyst layer thickness.
  • Observed electric field-induced alignment of catalyst particles post-electrodialysis.

Conclusions:

  • The presented workflow provides essential nanoscale characterization of BPM junctions.
  • Findings inform manufacturing, computational modeling, and failure analysis of BPMs.
  • Electrodialysis influences BPM junction structure, impacting device performance.