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Related Concept Videos

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the posterior columns...
Hierarchy of Motor Control01:18

Hierarchy of Motor Control

The hierarchy of motor control refers to the different levels of organization and processing involved in controlling movement in the body. These levels range from higher cortical areas involved in planning and decision-making to lower spinal cord reflexes that respond automatically to external stimuli.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Measuring and Manipulating Functionally Specific Neural Pathways in the Human Motor System with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
09:52

Measuring and Manipulating Functionally Specific Neural Pathways in the Human Motor System with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Published on: February 23, 2020

Competing programs shape cortical sensorimotor-association axis development.

Jeremiah Tsyporin1, Menglei Zhang1, Cai Qi1

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.

Nature
|July 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The multinodal induction-exclusion in network development (MIND) model explains how the brain

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The cerebral cortex exhibits a sensorimotor-to-association (S-A) axis, crucial for cognitive functions.
  • The developmental processes dictating this S-A organization are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms governing the S-A axis patterning in the cerebral cortex.
  • To propose and validate the multinodal induction-exclusion in network development (MIND) model.

Main Methods:

  • Multispecies comparative analysis.
  • Transcriptomic profiling to identify opposing developmental programs.
  • Investigation of gene expression patterns, including axon guidance molecules and signaling pathways.
  • Functional studies of key molecular interactions (e.g., PLXNC1 and SEMA7A).

Main Results:

  • Two opposing transcriptomic programs, 'pericentral' and 'central', drive S-A patterning.
  • 'Pericentral' programs define association areas, while 'central' programs establish sensorimotor areas.
  • These programs compete through induction and exclusion, shaping cortical organization.
  • Repulsive interactions between key molecules (PLXNC1, SEMA7A) mediate segregation of neuronal populations.

Conclusions:

  • The MIND model provides a unifying framework for cortical development.
  • Induction and exclusion are fundamental, antagonistic principles shaping the S-A axis.
  • This model integrates experimental, evolutionary, and clinical findings related to brain organization and disorders.