Electroanalytical method development for the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor lenvatinib using a Ti₃C₂T_x-MXene...

In this study, a Ti₃C₂T_x-MXene-based molecularly imprinted polymer sensor (MX/GCE-MiP) was developed for the electrochemical determination of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor lenvatinib. By combining the high surface area and conductivity of Ti₃C₂T_x-MXene with the selective recognition properties of molecularly imprinted polymers, a sensitive electrochemical sensing platform was obtained. The analytical performance of the sensor was evaluated by square-wave voltammetry (SWV) using the [Fe(CN)₆]^-3/-4 redox probe system after rebinding of lenvatinib within the imprinted cavities. Under optimized experimental conditions, the proposed sensor exhibited a linear response in the concentration range of 5.0-30.0 nM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.29 nM. Selectivity studies performed in the presence of dopamine, uric acid, ascorbic acid, and futibatinib demonstrated a significantly higher response toward lenvatinib under identical experimental conditions. In addition, the sensor showed good repeatability (3.20%), reproducibility (3.65%), and storage stability (4.1%). The applicability of the proposed sensor was preliminarily evaluated in synthetic serum and urine samples, yielding acceptable recovery values. Overall, the developed MX/GCE-MIP sensor provides a simple, sensitive, and cost-effective platform for the electrochemical detection of lenvatinib.