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Mycobacterium Abscessus Infection after Breast Augmentation: Case Reports and Literature Review.

Pei Zou1, Xiancheng Wang2, Hongli Zhao1

  • 1Department of Plastic and Aesthetic (Burn) Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China.

Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
|July 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Mycobacterium abscessus infections after breast augmentation are rare but challenging. A combination of surgical debridement, amikacin irrigation, and multi-drug antibiotics effectively treated two patients, showing good outcomes.

Keywords:
Mycobacterium abscessusBreast augmentationComplicationCutaneous infection

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Mycobacterium abscessus (M. abscessus) infections are infrequent but serious complications following breast augmentation procedures.
  • Limited evidence and standardized treatment protocols exist for these rare infections, posing diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.
  • Prolonged treatment courses are often necessary, highlighting the need for effective management strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report two cases of M. abscessus infection after breast augmentation.
  • To review existing literature on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of M. abscessus infections post-breast augmentation.
  • To provide practical insights into managing these challenging postoperative infections.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed reporting of two distinct cases of M. abscessus infection following different breast augmentation techniques (autologous fat transfer and prosthetic implant).
  • Confirmation of M. abscessus infection using metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS).
  • Structured narrative review of PubMed literature to identify relevant studies on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

Main Results:

  • Both patients received surgical debridement and drainage, followed by daily amikacin irrigation.
  • Combination antibiotic therapy, including intravenous amikacin and linezolid, plus oral azithromycin, was administered.
  • Patients tolerated treatment well, achieving infection control without recurrence during a 12-month follow-up, demonstrating the efficacy of debridement and targeted therapy.

Conclusions:

  • M. abscessus infections after aesthetic breast surgery are difficult to diagnose and treat.
  • A comprehensive strategy involving surgical intervention, local irrigation, and combination antimicrobial therapy (azithromycin, amikacin, linezolid) led to favorable outcomes in these cases.
  • This case-based study offers valuable insights for the diagnosis and management of postoperative M. abscessus infections, though not establishing a definitive model.