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Self-efficacy in mass casualty incident training using mixed reality.
María Del Carmen Cardós-Alonso1,2, Miguel Inzunza3, Lina Gyllencreutz4,5
1Emergency Medical Service of the Community of Madrid (SUMMA112), Madrid, Spain. carmen.cardos@salud.madrid.org.
Advances in Simulation (London, England)
|July 2, 2026
Summary
Mixed Reality (MR) training significantly boosts Medical First Responders’ (MFR) confidence in managing mass casualty incidents (MCI). This immersive technology enhances MFR preparedness and decision-making skills for high-stress emergency situations.
Area of Science:
- Emergency Medical Services
- Medical Simulation
- Human-Computer Interaction
Background:
- Medical First Responders (MFR) are crucial for managing Mass Casualty Incidents (MCI).
- Mixed Reality (MR) training offers immersive simulations for complex emergency scenarios.
- Assessing the effectiveness of MR training in real-world preparedness is challenging.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the impact of MR training on MFR self-efficacy in MCI management.
- To quantify changes in perceived confidence following MR intervention.
- To explore MR as a tool for enhancing emergency response training.
Main Methods:
- A pre-test/post-test survey design was used.
- 274 MFR participated in MR training simulating early-stage MCI.
- Within- and between-subjects ANOVA analyzed changes in self-efficacy.
Main Results:
- A statistically significant increase in perceived self-efficacy was observed post-training.
- Mean self-efficacy scores rose by 11.41% from baseline.
- The MR intervention demonstrated a strong practical effect on MFR confidence.
Conclusions:
- MR training significantly enhances MFR self-efficacy for MCI management.
- Immersive MR technologies can improve disaster preparedness.
- MR training is a valuable complementary strategy for emergency responders.
