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Identifying foreign language learning burnout: latent profiles, cutoff points, and an explainable web-based

Nuoyi She1, Xu Chen1, Qiang Wan2

  • 1School of English Studies, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an, China.

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|July 2, 2026
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Summary

Foreign language learning burnout (FLLB) affects many students. This study identified a high-risk group and developed a predictive tool to help identify and support learners experiencing burnout.

Keywords:
ROC analysisburnoutemotional exhaustionforeign language learning burnoutlatent profile analysismachine learning

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Area of Science:

  • Educational Psychology
  • Mental Health
  • Machine Learning in Education

Background:

  • Foreign language learning burnout (FLLB) is common among English as a foreign language learners.
  • FLLB negatively impacts academic performance and mental well-being.
  • Current tools for FLLB identification and risk prediction are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a clear cutoff point for identifying FLLB.
  • To develop and validate an individualized risk prediction tool for FLLB.
  • To provide practical support for FLLB screening and intervention.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study with 1,343 Chinese secondary school students.
  • Latent profile analysis (LPA) for FLLB risk profiling.
  • Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for cutoff determination.
  • Comparison and validation of six machine learning models, including logistic regression.
  • Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) analysis for model interpretation.

Main Results:

  • 14.2% of students were identified in the FLLB high-risk group.
  • Optimal cutoff points: Exhaustion ≥14, Cynicism ≥3, Reduced Efficacy ≥3.
  • Logistic regression model achieved AUC of 0.903 (internal) and 0.813 (external validation).
  • Key predictors identified: academic stress and foreign language enjoyment.

Conclusions:

  • An operational cutoff point for FLLB was successfully determined.
  • A validated, high-performing risk prediction model was developed and deployed as a web-based calculator.
  • The tool facilitates efficient FLLB risk screening and targeted support for learners.