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Three-dimensional Optical-resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy
08:31

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Published on: May 3, 2011

Maximum fluence for accurate functional photoacoustic microscopy.

Jingyi Zhu1, Zhiwei Yao1, Lidai Wang1,2

  • 1City University of Hong Kong, Biomedical Engineering, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

Photoacoustics
|July 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Fast functional photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) can be affected by laser heat. This study models maximum laser fluence for accurate blood oxygen saturation (sO2) measurement, providing guidance for PAM applications.

Keywords:
Blood oxygen saturationFunctional imagingOptical fluence limitPhotoacoustic microscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical optics
  • Medical imaging
  • Photoacoustic microscopy

Background:

  • Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) offers high-resolution mapping of blood oxygen saturation (sO2).
  • Transient thermal accumulation from laser irradiation in fast functional PAM may impact sO2 measurement accuracy, a factor not extensively studied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of laser irradiation on sO2 accuracy in fast functional PAM.
  • To develop a numerical model for estimating maximum laser fluence for accurate sO2 measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Established a numerical model to estimate maximum laser fluence (Fmax) based on laser irradiation parameters.
  • Conducted in vivo experiments using 532-nm and 558-nm wavelengths.
  • Validated the model using a blood phantom and mouse brain samples.

Main Results:

  • Determined the relationship between maximum fluence (Fmax) and repetitive laser pulse number (N) for accurate sO2 measurement: Fmax = 45N^-0.41 mJ·cm^-2.
  • Validated the model's accuracy and stability under long-term scanning conditions.
  • Demonstrated practical applicability in preclinical settings.

Conclusions:

  • The developed maximum-fluence model offers crucial guidance for optimizing laser settings in fast functional PAM.
  • Ensuring accurate sO2 measurements requires careful consideration of laser fluence and pulse repetition, especially in dynamic imaging scenarios.