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Related Concept Videos

Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Signs of Puberty01:27

Signs of Puberty

Puberty is a critical phase, typically beginning between the ages of 8 and 13 in girls and 9 and 14 in boys, though timing can vary based on genetics, environmental factors, and overall health. This period is characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the attainment of reproductive potential. Endocrine changes underpin puberty, with hormonal surges of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) instigated by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)...
Chemical Signaling in the Endocrine System01:08

Chemical Signaling in the Endocrine System

A signaling cascade is a series of events that facilitates the transmission of information within or between cells, culminating in a targeted response in the recipient cell. As chemical messengers, hormones are pivotal in initiating and modulating these intricate signaling cascades based on their solubility.
Lipid-soluble hormones, such as steroid hormones, demonstrate an intracellular action. These hormones traverse cell membranes due to their lipid nature. Once inside the target cell, they...
Testosterone: Functions and Regulation01:26

Testosterone: Functions and Regulation

The intricate hormonal interplay essential for male reproductive health begins with the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus. This hormone prompts the pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). LH targets the Leydig cells in the testes, stimulating them to produce and release testosterone. In concert with testosterone, FSH acts on the Sertoli cells within the seminiferous tubules to facilitate the release of...
Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

Target Cell Response to Hormones

Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...

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Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Skeletal Muscle Gender Dimorphism from Proteomics
09:29

Skeletal Muscle Gender Dimorphism from Proteomics

Published on: December 14, 2011

Sex Hormones & Exercise in the Musculoskeletal System: From Signaling to Structure and Function.

Caitlin J Colicchio1, Paula A Hernandez2,3, Jennifer L Robinson4,5,6

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.

Endocrine Reviews
|July 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Sex hormones influence musculoskeletal tissues beyond reproduction. This review explores how sex hormones regulate exercise adaptation in soft connective tissues like cartilage and tendons, impacting injury and degeneration.

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Treatment of Ligament Constructs with Exercise-conditioned Serum: A Translational Tissue Engineering Model
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Published on: June 11, 2017

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Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Skeletal Muscle Gender Dimorphism from Proteomics
09:29

Skeletal Muscle Gender Dimorphism from Proteomics

Published on: December 14, 2011

Treatment of Ligament Constructs with Exercise-conditioned Serum: A Translational Tissue Engineering Model
08:03

Treatment of Ligament Constructs with Exercise-conditioned Serum: A Translational Tissue Engineering Model

Published on: June 11, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Musculoskeletal biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Sports medicine

Background:

  • Sex steroid hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone) regulate reproduction.
  • Emerging evidence shows sex hormones impact non-reproductive tissues, including musculoskeletal system.
  • Soft connective tissues are crucial injury sites but often overlooked in hormonal studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Review how sex hormones regulate exercise adaptation in soft connective tissues.
  • Examine the role of sex hormones in mechanotransduction and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling.
  • Propose novel mechanisms linking sex hormones to tissue-level exercise responses.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of sex steroid biosynthesis, bioavailability, and receptor mechanisms.
  • Analysis of how sex hormones interact with mechanosensing and mechanotransduction pathways.
  • Assessment of hormonal regulation of ECM turnover and functional adaptations in soft tissues.

Main Results:

  • Sex hormones modulate exercise-induced mechanotransduction in musculoskeletal tissues.
  • Hormonal state influences extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in response to mechanical load.
  • Sex-specific molecules play a critical role in exercise adaptation of soft connective tissues.

Conclusions:

  • Sex hormones significantly impact exercise responses in soft connective tissues.
  • Novel mechanisms linking sex hormones, mechanotransduction, and ECM remodeling are proposed.
  • Further research is needed to establish causal relationships between sex hormones and exercise responses in these tissues.