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Related Concept Videos

Fetal Circulation01:14

Fetal Circulation

Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...
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Development of Blood Vessels

The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
The initial formation of this system is facilitated by the small amount of yolk present in the ovum and yolk sac. Blood vessels originate from...
Gonadal and Placental Hormones01:24

Gonadal and Placental Hormones

The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
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Ovarian Cycle01:27

Ovarian Cycle

The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle length...
Histology of the Uterus01:19

Histology of the Uterus

The uterine wall consists of three histological layers: the perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium. The outermost perimetrium is a thin, serous membrane connected with the broad ligament on the sides, which helps anchor the uterus in the pelvic cavity. The thickest layer, myometrium, is mainly made up of smooth muscle tissue bundles. Its contractions are vital in facilitating the expulsion of the uterine lining, fetus, and placenta during menstruation and childbirth.
The endometrium is the...

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Normal Fetal Growth and Development.

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Foreword.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Accurate and Simple Evaluation of Vascular Anastomoses in Monochorionic Placenta using Colored Dye
09:52

Accurate and Simple Evaluation of Vascular Anastomoses in Monochorionic Placenta using Colored Dye

Published on: September 5, 2011

The Placenta: Identifying Normal.

Beverly B Rogers1, Teck Yee Khong2, Erica Price3

  • 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.

Pediatric and Developmental Pathology : the Official Journal of the Society for Pediatric Pathology and the Paediatric Pathology Society
|July 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This guide clarifies normal placental features for pathologists, distinguishing them from abnormal findings. It addresses confusing terminology and controversial variations in placental pathology for better diagnostic accuracy.

Keywords:
normalpathologyplacentareviewweight

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Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Accurate and Simple Evaluation of Vascular Anastomoses in Monochorionic Placenta using Colored Dye
09:52

Accurate and Simple Evaluation of Vascular Anastomoses in Monochorionic Placenta using Colored Dye

Published on: September 5, 2011

Ex Vivo Placental Explant Flow Culture - Mimicking the Dynamic Conditions In Utero
04:17

Ex Vivo Placental Explant Flow Culture - Mimicking the Dynamic Conditions In Utero

Published on: September 8, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Pathology
  • Obstetrics
  • Perinatology

Background:

  • Placental literature presents inconsistencies in terminology and expert consensus on normal findings.
  • Variability in expert opinion complicates the definition of a "normal" placenta.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To delineate normal macroscopic and histologic placental features throughout gestation for general pathologists.
  • To differentiate normal placental findings from abnormal or pathologic alterations, especially in controversial cases.
  • To provide clear, understandable guidance on placental pathology, referencing relevant literature.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing literature on placental morphology.
  • Distillation of evidence and expert opinion on normal placental features.
  • Identification and clarification of controversial findings in placental examination.

Main Results:

  • Detailed description of normal macroscopic and histologic placental features across gestation.
  • Differentiation of normal findings from overlapping or confusing pathologic morphologies.
  • Guidance on controversial placental alterations, noting areas of author agreement and disagreement.

Conclusions:

  • The article provides a distilled report on normal placental features, drawing from literature and expert experience.
  • It aims to enhance diagnostic clarity for pathologists dealing with placental examination.
  • Offers a practical resource for understanding placental variations and pathology.