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Related Concept Videos

Cholesterol: Significance and Regulation01:29

Cholesterol: Significance and Regulation

Although not a source of energy, cholesterol plays a significant role as a foundational structure for bile salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D, as well as being a crucial component of plasma membranes. Approximately 15% of blood cholesterol is derived from our diet, with the remainder synthesized from acetyl CoA by the liver and intestines. Cholesterol is eliminated from the body through its conversion into bile salts, which are eventually discarded in the feces.
Considering cholesterol and...
Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System III: Serum Lipid Profile01:25

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System III: Serum Lipid Profile

Understanding serum lipids is crucial for maintaining cardiovascular health and preventing heart disease and stroke.
Serum lipids are fats and fatty substances in the blood and are crucial for various bodily functions, including energy storage, cellular structure, and hormone production. Serum lipids consist of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids.
Cholesterol is a soft, fat-like substance found in all body cells. It is crucial for producing hormones, vitamin D, and substances that aid...
Atherosclerosis I: Introduction01:30

Atherosclerosis I: Introduction

Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder characterized by the buildup of plaques on the arterial inner wall, causing them to narrow and harden over time. These plaques comprise lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue. The process primarily affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries, reducing blood flow in any artery.Etiology and risk factorsThe cause of atherosclerosis is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay among endothelial injury, lipid...
Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology01:26

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...
Lipids: Dietary Sources and Requirements01:18

Lipids: Dietary Sources and Requirements

Lipids are an essential component of a balanced human diet. Triglycerides, which make up the majority of dietary lipids, are found in both saturated fats—commonly present in meat, dairy products, and certain tropical plants like coconut, and hydrogenated oils such as margarine and baking shortenings (trans fats)—and unsaturated fats, which are abundant in seeds, nuts, olive oil, and most vegetable oils. The main sources of cholesterol include egg yolks, various meats and organ meats, shellfish,...
Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body01:31

Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body

Fats and lipids are crucial components in the human body. Some lipid-derived compounds, such as fat-soluble vitamins, eicosanoids, lipoproteins, and glycolipids, also play unique roles to support various  biological processes .
Fat-soluble Vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins, including vitamins A, D, E, and K, are required in minimal quantities, but their deficiencies can lead to severely abnormal physiological conditions. For example, vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness, dry skin, delayed...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Cell-free Biochemical Fluorometric Enzymatic Assay for High-throughput Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation in High Density Lipoprotein
07:29

Cell-free Biochemical Fluorometric Enzymatic Assay for High-throughput Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation in High Density Lipoprotein

Published on: October 12, 2017

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol: function, dysfunction, and clinical implications.

Sophia Trabanino1, Annabelle Rodriguez2, Fatima Rodriguez1

  • 1Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.

American Journal of Preventive Cardiology
|July 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) shows a U-shaped link with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, not uniformly protective. Elevated HDL-C requires clinical context assessment, not just biomarker interpretation, for accurate CVD risk evaluation.

Keywords:
AtherosclerosisCholesterolCoronary artery diseaseGenomicsImmune checkpointInflammation

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Cell-free Biochemical Fluorometric Enzymatic Assay for High-throughput Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation in High Density Lipoprotein
07:29

Cell-free Biochemical Fluorometric Enzymatic Assay for High-throughput Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation in High Density Lipoprotein

Published on: October 12, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Biomarker Research
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Observational studies reveal a U-shaped association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.
  • This challenges the established view of HDL-C as a solely cardioprotective factor.
  • Elevated HDL-C levels in patients often lead to diagnostic uncertainty regarding their actual CVD risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate the role of HDL-C as a biomarker for cardiovascular disease risk.
  • To investigate the heterogeneity of HDL-C and its association with CVD risk.
  • To inform clinical practice regarding the assessment of patients with elevated HDL-C.

Main Methods:

  • Review of large observational studies and Mendelian randomization studies.
  • Analysis of candidate gene studies identifying variants linked to HDL-C and CVD risk.
  • Evaluation of current risk assessment tools and adjunctive inflammatory markers.

Main Results:

  • Mendelian randomization studies do not support a causal protective role of higher HDL-C against myocardial infarction.
  • Candidate gene analyses suggest HDL-C is a heterogeneous biomarker, with some variants associated with increased CVD risk.
  • Pharmacologic strategies to raise HDL-C have not shown clear cardiovascular benefits.

Conclusions:

  • Elevated HDL-C should be interpreted within a broader clinical context, utilizing established risk factors and additional inflammatory assessments.
  • HDL-C's role as a marker of residual inflammatory risk warrants further investigation through randomized controlled trials.
  • Current evidence does not support HDL-C-raising therapies; focus should be on comprehensive CVD risk assessment and management.