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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids02:04

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...
Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Stability Enhancement and GI Retention01:05

Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Stability Enhancement and GI Retention

Improving a drug's stability in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is paramount for enhancing its bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness. Various strategies are employed to protect the drug from the harsh gastric milieu and to ensure its release and absorption at the desired site within the GI tract.Polymer coatings are one such method used to shield drugs from the stomach's acidic environment. By preventing premature drug release, these coatings improve the bioavailability of unstable...
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Photopatterning Proteins and Cells in Aqueous Environment Using TiO2 Photocatalysis
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Photopatterning Proteins and Cells in Aqueous Environment Using TiO2 Photocatalysis

Published on: October 26, 2015

Stabilizing Oroxylin A Transfersomes by Caffeic Acid-Chitosan Functionalization for Superior Photoaging Protection.

Huanhuan Wang1,2,3, Mengjiao Li4, Weijia Zhang1,2,3

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.

ACS Omega
|July 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study developed a novel nanodelivery system using caffeic acid-grafted chitosan (CA-g-CS) to improve oroxylin A (OA) for skin photoaging. The enhanced system demonstrated superior stability and antioxidant effects, effectively protecting skin from UV damage.

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Stimulation of Stem Cell Niches and Tissue Regeneration in Mouse Skin by Switchable Protoporphyrin IX-Dependent Photogeneration of Reactive Oxygen Species In Situ
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Stimulation of Stem Cell Niches and Tissue Regeneration in Mouse Skin by Switchable Protoporphyrin IX-Dependent Photogeneration of Reactive Oxygen Species In Situ

Published on: May 8, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology and Nanotechnology
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Oxidative Stress Research

Background:

  • Ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes skin photoaging via oxidative stress.
  • Current nanodelivery systems for photoaging face stability and functional challenges.
  • Oroxylin A (OA) shows potential but requires effective delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a stable nanodelivery system for OA to combat skin photoaging.
  • To enhance the antioxidant and transdermal properties of OA using a novel formulation.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of the developed system in vitro and in vivo.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of caffeic acid-grafted chitosan (CA-g-CS).
  • Modification of OA-loaded transfersomes with CA-g-CS to form CA-g-CS-OA-TFs.
  • In vitro assessment of stability, antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS), and cell senescence.
  • In vivo evaluation of skin barrier function, collagen/elastic fiber damage, gene expression, and oxidative stress in UV-induced photoaging mouse models.

Main Results:

  • CA-g-CS modification significantly enhanced transferosome stability and synergistic antioxidant effects.
  • DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging capacities increased to 89.71% and 72.39%, respectively.
  • Improved OA transdermal delivery, suppressed UVB-induced cell senescence, restored skin barrier function, attenuated collagen/elastic fiber damage, downregulated senescence genes, and relieved oxidative stress in vivo.

Conclusions:

  • CA-g-CS-OA-TFs offer enhanced stability and synergistic antioxidant activity for superior photoaging protection.
  • This novel nanodelivery strategy effectively mitigates UV-induced skin damage and aging.
  • CA-g-CS-OA-TFs represent a promising therapeutic approach for managing skin photoaging.