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Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms03:26

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
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Updated: Jul 5, 2026

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ILC2s shoot 4 making 13s.

Sophia Villa1, Shiv Pillai1

  • 1Ragon Institute of MGB, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Science Immunology
|July 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) from group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) promotes T follicular helper 13 (TFH13) cell development. This process is crucial for driving high-affinity immunoglobulin E (IgE) production.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Allergy Research

Background:

  • Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are key players in allergic inflammation.
  • T follicular helper (TFH) cells orchestrate B cell responses, including antibody production.
  • Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is central to allergic reactions and parasite immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of IL-4 secreted by ILC2s in TFH cell differentiation.
  • To investigate the mechanism by which ILC2-derived IL-4 influences high-affinity IgE production.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of cytokine production by ILC2s in allergic models.
  • Flow cytometry to identify and quantify TFH13 cells.
  • In vitro co-culture systems to assess cell differentiation.

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  • Measurement of IgE levels in response to ILC2 stimulation.

    • Main Results:

    • ILC2s secrete significant amounts of IL-4.
    • IL-4 is essential for the differentiation of TFH13 cells from naive T cells.
    • TFH13 cells induced by ILC2-derived IL-4 promote high-affinity IgE class switching in B cells.

    Conclusions:

    • ILC2-derived IL-4 is a critical factor in TFH13 cell differentiation.
    • This pathway represents a key mechanism linking ILC2s to high-affinity IgE production in allergic responses.