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The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). The external nose, visible on the face, consists of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage enveloped in skin and muscle and lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is supported by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillary bone and is supplemented by a cartilaginous framework comprising the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal...
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Dialectal and Individual Influences on Nasality Perception: Evidence From Midland and Inland North.

Monica O'Neill1, Sarah Bolt1, Mindy Agranoff1

  • 1Voice and Resonance Laboratory, Department of Speech and Hearing Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.

Language and Speech
|July 4, 2026
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Summary

American English listeners

Keywords:
dialectlistener variabilitynasalancenasality perceptionproduction-perception link

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Area of Science:

  • Speech and Hearing Science
  • Linguistics
  • Acoustic Phonetics

Background:

  • Dialectal variations in American English, specifically Midland and Inland North, may influence speech perception.
  • Understanding the relationship between speech production and perception is crucial for explaining listener variability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how dialectal background and individual speech production patterns affect nasality perception in American English.
  • To compare nasality perception between Midland and Inland North American English listeners.
  • To examine the correlation between speech production (nasalance) and nasality perception.

Main Methods:

  • Forty-one adult American English speakers from Midland and Inland North regions participated.
  • Nasometric testing was used to measure oral-nasal balance (nasalance).
  • Direct Magnitude Estimation (DME) assessed nasality perception using synthetic speech stimuli with varying velopharyngeal (VP) port sizes.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in nasalance (speech production) were found between the two dialect groups.
  • Nasality perception (DME ratings) systematically increased with synthesized VP port size and differed significantly by dialect.
  • Inland North listeners perceived higher nasality than Midland listeners, especially with larger synthesized VP port sizes, showing a significant interaction.
  • A negative correlation between nasalance and DME ratings was observed for Midland listeners at a 0.08 cm² VP port size, but not for Inland North listeners.

Conclusions:

  • Perceptual judgments of nasality can vary between dialect groups even with comparable speech production measures.
  • Dialect contact might reduce production differences while preserving distinct perceptual norms.
  • The production-perception link in nasality perception appears to be influenced by listener-specific factors and stimulus characteristics, supporting exemplar and normalization theories of speech perception.