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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Immobilization of Multi-biocatalysts in Alginate Beads for Cofactor Regeneration and Improved Reusability

Immobilization of Multi-biocatalysts in Alginate Beads for Cofactor Regeneration and Improved Reusability

Published on: April 22, 2016

Intercellular whole-cell cascade strategy for robust CO-to-formate bioconversion.

Tae-Hwan Kim¹, Jang-Seob Lee¹, Jinwon Lee¹

¹Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-Gu, Seoul 04107, South Korea.

Bioresource Technology

|July 4, 2026

Summary

This study developed a whole-cell biocatalytic cascade for converting carbon monoxide (CO) to formate using engineered bacteria. Permeabilization significantly enhanced efficiency, offering a practical alternative to purified enzymes for C1 gas valorization.

Keywords:

Bioprocess intensification Cell permeabilization Ethyl viologen Gas-fed bioreactor Mediator accessibility Redox mediator transport

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Area of Science:

Biotechnology
Synthetic Biology
Biocatalysis

Background:

Enzyme cascades for C1 gas valorization, like CO to formate, often require costly enzyme purification and immobilization.
Whole-cell biocatalysis offers a more practical approach but faces challenges in efficiency and mediator accessibility.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a robust, ethyl viologen (EV)-mediated intercellular whole-cell cascade for CO-to-formate bioconversion.
To overcome limitations of native whole-cell cascades through cell permeabilization.

Main Methods:

Coupling carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH)-expressing Escherichia coli with formate dehydrogenase (FDH)-expressing Methylobacterium extorquens AM1.
Utilizing ethyl viologen (EV) as a redox mediator for intercellular electron transfer.
Employing mild Triton X-100 permeabilization to enhance mediator accessibility.

Main Results:

The native whole-cell cascade showed lower initial productivity but better long-term stability compared to immobilized enzymes.
Permeabilization of M. extorquens AM1 significantly increased FDH activity and overall cascade productivity by approximately 7-fold.
The permeabilized cascade demonstrated superior performance in a gas-fed reactor, approaching theoretical CO-transfer limits.

Conclusions:

Intercellular whole-cell cascades offer a practical platform for CO-to-formate bioconversion without enzyme purification.
Cell permeabilization is a key strategy to enhance mediator accessibility and cascade efficiency.
This approach provides a robust and scalable biocatalyst format for C1 gas valorization.