Epigenetic modulation by essential oils: Potential applications and challenges in palliative care

Essential oils have long been used in complementary medicine, and recent research has demonstrated their potential to modulate epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modification and microRNA regulation. These epigenetic effects suggest that essential oils may offer novel therapeutic benefits in palliative care, which primarily focus on symptom management, improvement of quality of life, and support for emotional well-being in patients with life-limiting conditions. This review examined the epigenetic mechanisms by which key compounds in essential oils, such as curcumin, eugenol, limonene and thymoquinone, modulate gene expression and cellular pathways associated with pain, inflammation, neurodegeneration and cancer progression. Preclinical studies indicate that these compounds demonstrate the ability to modulate inflammation, reduce oxidative stress, promote neuroprotection and support immune function, making them promising adjuncts in the management of pain, cognitive decline and psychological distress. Despite these promising preclinical findings, challenges remain regarding bioavailability, optimal dosing and clinical safety. Further human studies are necessary to establish standardised protocols for using essential oils in palliative care. As research progresses, the integration of epigenetically active essential oils may provide a personalised and non-invasive approach to symptom management, thereby improving the quality of life and overall well-being of palliative care patients. Despite the promising preclinical findings, it is essential to note that clinical studies evaluating the epigenetic effects of essential oils in palliative care patients are currently lacking, underscoring the need for future research. Please cite this article as: Gonçalves SD, Diogo RG. Epigenetic modulation by essential oils: Potential applications and challenges in palliative care. J Integr Med. 2026; Epub ahead of print.