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Catalysis

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...

Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols

Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols

Activated manganese(IV) oxide can selectively oxidize allylic and benzylic alcohols via a radical intermediate mechanism. Primary allylic alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes, while secondary allylic alcohols yield ketones. The redox reaction of potassium permanganate with an Mn(II) salt such as manganese sulfate (under either alkaline or acidic conditions), followed by thorough drying, yields the oxidizing agent: activated MnO2. While MnO2 is insoluble in the solvents used for the reaction, the...

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate. The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.

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Simple Methods for the Preparation of Non-noble Metal Bulk-electrodes for Electrocatalytic Applications

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Published on: June 21, 2017

Ridge catalysis unlocking water oxidation activity of pentlandite.

Lulu Zhang^1,2,3, Ju Rong⁴, Yunxiang Lin⁵

¹Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China.

Nature Communications

|July 4, 2026

Summary

This study introduces a new method to create dense ridges on pentlandite crystals, enhancing their catalytic activity and durability for the oxygen evolution reaction. This ridge engineering approach unlocks superior performance in water electrolysis.

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Published on: April 12, 2019

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Catalysis
Electrochemistry

Background:

Catalyst ridges offer potential for enhanced activity and durability.
Conventional methods produce sparse ridges, limiting catalytic applications.
Pentlandite's homogeneous structure poses challenges for targeted catalysis.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a programmed growth strategy for producing pentlandite crystals with dense ridges.
To engineer highly active interfacial sites at the ridges for improved catalytic performance.
To demonstrate the effectiveness of ridge engineering in the oxygen evolution reaction and water electrolysis.

Main Methods:

Utilized a decomposable evaporative eutectic system for programmed crystal growth.
Implemented alternating BFDH-driven <422>-preferential and Wulff-guided <111>-preferential growth.
Investigated facet-dependent surface reconstruction and selective oxide formation (NiOOH and (Fe,Ni)OOH).

Main Results:

Successfully produced pentlandite microcrystals with dense ridges between {111} and {200} facets.
Created highly active NiOOH/(Fe,Ni)OOH interfacial sites at the engineered ridges.
Achieved excellent oxygen evolution reaction activity (186 mV at 10 mA cm⁻²) and stability (>1000 h at 100 mA cm⁻²).
Demonstrated superior performance in an anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzer (1.0 A cm⁻² at 1.95 V).

Conclusions:

Ridge engineering is a viable strategy for creating stable, high-activity catalysts.
The programmed growth method overcomes limitations of conventional facet engineering.
Engineered pentlandite catalysts show significant promise for efficient water electrolysis.