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Related Concept Videos

Endocarditis I: Introduction01:25

Endocarditis I: Introduction

Introduction:Endocarditis is the infection of the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart and its valves. When the heart muscle is involved, the condition is termed myocarditis, while an infection of the outer lining is called pericarditis. Infective endocarditis (IE) primarily affects the endocardium, where pathogens adhere to the valves or lining, forming vegetation that can lead to severe complications. Infective endocarditis occurs when microorganisms, usually bacteria from other body...
Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis01:25

Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis

Endocarditis can present various clinical features depending on the causative organism and the patient's underlying health conditions. Initially, the clinical features of infective endocarditis develop gradually, presenting with nonspecific symptoms that can be easily mistaken for other illnesses.General SymptomsEarly symptoms of infective endocarditis are fever, chills, weakness, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. These symptoms reflect the systemic nature of the infection and the body's...
Endocarditis III: Medical Management01:18

Endocarditis III: Medical Management

Infective endocarditis management involves a multifaceted approach encompassing infection prevention, lifestyle modifications, pharmacological therapy, and surgical management.Infection Prevention:Hand Hygiene: Thorough handwashing is crucial to prevent the spread of infection. Hand hygiene should be performed regularly, especially before and after using the restroom.Oral Hygiene: Good oral hygiene is essential. It includes brushing teeth immediately after waking up and before bed, flossing...
Endocarditis IV: Nursing Management01:29

Endocarditis IV: Nursing Management

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a chronic infection of the heart's endocardium, primarily affecting the heart valves. A detailed nursing assessment for a patient with IE involves collecting subjective and objective data to ensure an accurate diagnosis and timely intervention.Subjective DataThe nurse gathers information about the patient's symptoms and complaints during the subjective assessment. Patients with infective endocarditis often report non-specific symptoms that can mimic other...
Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic01:26

Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur in a healthcare facility while a person receives care for another ailment. This category also includes work-related infections among healthcare staff.
HAIs significantly increase the cost of health care. Extended stays in healthcare institutions, increased disability, increased costs of medications, including specialized antibiotics, and prolonged recovery times add to the patient's expenses and the healthcare institution and funding bodies. Common...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Assessing Bacterial Invasion of Cardiac Cells in Culture and Heart Colonization in Infected Mice Using Listeria monocytogenes
09:18

Assessing Bacterial Invasion of Cardiac Cells in Culture and Heart Colonization in Infected Mice Using Listeria monocytogenes

Published on: May 27, 2015

Infective endocarditis due to Lactococcus garvieae, an unusual emerging pathogen.

Kumudhavalli Kavanoor Sridhar1, Matthew Paul Muller2

  • 1Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.

Journal of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada = Journal Officiel De L'Association Pour La Microbiologie Medicale Et L'Infectiologie Canada
|July 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Lactococcus garvieae, a fish-associated pathogen, can cause serious human infective endocarditis (IE). This case highlights a rare native valve IE caused by L. garvieae, emphasizing the need for advanced diagnostics due to potential misidentification.

Keywords:
Lactococcus garvieaeaortic valve vegetationbacteremiainfective endocarditiszoonosis

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Experimental Endocarditis Model of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Rat
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Experimental Endocarditis Model of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Rat

Published on: June 4, 2012

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Assessing Bacterial Invasion of Cardiac Cells in Culture and Heart Colonization in Infected Mice Using Listeria monocytogenes
09:18

Assessing Bacterial Invasion of Cardiac Cells in Culture and Heart Colonization in Infected Mice Using Listeria monocytogenes

Published on: May 27, 2015

Experimental Endocarditis Model of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Rat
07:46

Experimental Endocarditis Model of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Rat

Published on: June 4, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Cardiology

Background:

  • Lactococcus garvieae is an emerging zoonotic pathogen, primarily associated with fish.
  • It rarely infects humans but is increasingly implicated in severe conditions like infective endocarditis (IE).
  • L. garvieae shares characteristics with Streptococcus and Enterococcus, leading to frequent misidentification by conventional methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a rare case of native valve infective endocarditis caused by Lactococcus garvieae.
  • To highlight the diagnostic challenges and clinical presentation of L. garvieae IE.
  • To underscore the importance of considering L. garvieae in IE differential diagnoses, even without typical zoonotic exposure.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of a 61-year-old male patient.
  • Clinical diagnosis of native valve infective endocarditis.
  • Identification of Lactococcus garvieae as the causative agent.

Main Results:

  • The patient presented with native aortic valve IE secondary to L. garvieae.
  • This is the second reported Canadian case of L. garvieae IE.
  • The infection occurred despite a mechanical valve and had an occult source, lacking typical risk factors.

Conclusions:

  • Lactococcus garvieae can cause severe infective endocarditis in humans.
  • The case emphasizes the need for advanced diagnostic techniques for accurate identification of L. garvieae.
  • Clinicians should consider L. garvieae in IE cases, particularly when traditional risk factors are absent.