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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent – the...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Fully Autonomous Characterization and Data Collection from Crystals of Biological Macromolecules
07:11

Fully Autonomous Characterization and Data Collection from Crystals of Biological Macromolecules

Published on: March 22, 2019

Accessible introductory exercises to crystallography databases and basic practices for undergraduate students.

Dylan J Webb1, René T Boeré2, Emily L Trew2

  • 1Department of Chemistry & Physics, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Alberta T3E 6K6, Canada.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic Communications
|July 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Undergraduate students gained practical crystallography skills through accessible dry-lab exercises. Feedback highlighted software usability issues but showed increased interest in learning crystallography.

Keywords:
databaseseducationexercisesundergraduate.

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography Education
  • Chemical Education
  • Undergraduate Science

Background:

  • Effective pedagogical approaches are needed to introduce undergraduate students to practical crystallography.
  • Existing laboratory components may not fully cover essential crystallographic data acquisition techniques.
  • Accessible dry-lab exercises can supplement traditional teaching methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and implement accessible dry-lab exercises for undergraduate crystallography education.
  • To showcase practical data acquisition for small molecules.
  • To assess student engagement and identify areas for improvement in crystallography teaching.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a series of dry-lab exercises focused on crystallographic data acquisition.
  • Implementation of exercises for undergraduate students with varying backgrounds.
  • Collection of student feedback on exercise accessibility, software usability, and overall learning experience.

Main Results:

  • Exercises were accessible and required no redesign of existing laboratory courses.
  • Student feedback indicated a strong desire to learn more about crystallography.
  • The primary criticism concerned the usability of the Mercury software for data acquisition.

Conclusions:

  • Dry-lab exercises are an effective and accessible method for teaching practical crystallography to undergraduates.
  • Further development of such exercises can enhance crystallographic data practices education.
  • Addressing software usability is crucial for improving student experience in crystallography.