Plant growth regulator applications and mechanisms for boosting rice productivity
Yushawu Zakaria Mohammed1,2, Obed Kweku Sackey1,2, Aaqil Khan1,2
1College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China.
Abstract:
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) have emerged as an important tool for improving crop productivity and adaptation to intensifying environmental challenges, especially in rice. This review summarizes 209 publications (2000-2025) on the current developments in exogenous PGR applications across major growth phases from germination to grain filling. It reveals the principal findings on hormonal crosstalk, including abscisic acid-gibberellin (ABA-GA) antagonism, stress balancing, and genotype-specific multi-hormonal strategies. It outlines 10-40% yield improvements in conjunction with precision agronomy. We elucidate how PGRs regulate growth, development, stress tolerance, and yield through molecular and physiological pathways. Nano-formulations and genome-editing methods offer revolutionary potential, combining hormonal modification with genetic improvement and digital technologies for sustainable intensification. While emphasizing the important role PGRs play, this review also highlights context-specific effects and application risks, and emphasizes variety-specific, evidence-based protocols. Ultimately, this work charts a course for future research and precision application, and it marks a shift in paradigm to create a stronger, more sustainable rice production system.
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