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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Testing a Claim about Mean: Unknown Population SD

A complete procedure of testing a hypothesis about a population mean when the population standard deviation is unknown is explained here.
Estimating a population mean requires the samples to be approximately normally distributed. The data should be collected from the randomly selected samples having no sampling bias. There is no specific requirement for sample size. But if the sample size is less than 30, and we don't know the population standard deviation, a different approach is used; instead...
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Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Characterization of Calcification Events Using Live Optical and Electron Microscopy Techniques in a Marine Tubeworm
15:39

Characterization of Calcification Events Using Live Optical and Electron Microscopy Techniques in a Marine Tubeworm

Published on: February 28, 2017

CALCINOSIS CIRCUMSCRIPTA IN MULTIPLE SPECIES OF TORTOISES (TESTUDINIDAE).

Stormy J Perry1, Michael M Garner2, Angela M Lennox3

  • 1Ellen Trout Zoo, Lufkin, TX 75904, USA, stormyjoperry@gmail.com.

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine : Official Publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians
|July 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Calcinosis circumscripta, a condition causing mineral deposits, frequently affects tortoises, particularly Sulcata tortoises. Surgical debulking and antibiotics may be used, but recurrence is common, indicating a need for further research into its causes.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Pathology
  • Herpetology
  • Comparative Oncology

Background:

  • Calcinosis circumscripta is a recognized cause of illness in chelonians.
  • This condition presents as nodular lesions in connective tissues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the clinical and pathological features of calcinosis circumscripta in tortoises.
  • To evaluate treatment outcomes and identify potential contributing factors.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 13 tortoise cases diagnosed between 2011 and 2023.
  • Histopathological examination, mineral analysis, and bacterial culture of affected tissues.
  • Review of treatment strategies and recurrence rates.

Main Results:

  • 13 cases of calcinosis circumscripta were diagnosed, with Sulcata tortoises being overrepresented (10/13).
  • Lesions were typically firm, radio-opaque, multinodular masses, often in the neck or submandibular region.
  • Calcium phosphate deposition was confirmed, and Gram-positive cocci were identified in 3 lesions. Recurrence was observed in 40% of treated cases.

Conclusions:

  • Calcinosis circumscripta is an important differential diagnosis for nodular lesions in chelonians.
  • Surgical intervention can improve quality of life, but recurrence is a concern.
  • The presence of bacteria suggests a potential link to bacterial granulomas, though the exact pathogenesis remains unclear.