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Related Concept Videos

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
Mechanism of heat transfer01:19

Mechanism of heat transfer

Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
Specific Heat01:16

Specific Heat

The specific heat capacity of a substance refers to the energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of that substance by one degree Celcius. Specific heat capacity is often represented in calories (cal), grams (g), and degrees Celsius (oC), but can also be expressed in joules (J), kilograms (kg), and Kelvin (K), among other units.
For example, increasing the temperature of one gram of water by 1°C requires one calorie of heat energy and can be written as 1 cal/g-°C, or 4186 J/kg/K.
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant heat.
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
Frost Resistant Concrete01:29

Frost Resistant Concrete

Concrete's susceptibility to frost damage during freeze-thaw cycles demands strategic measures to enhance its frost resistance. Employing techniques like air entrainment, adjusting the water-cement ratio, proper curing, and selecting appropriate aggregates are essential.
Introducing microscopic air bubbles into the concrete mix through air entrainment creates small voids that accommodate ice expansion, thereby reducing internal pressures and preventing cracking. The optimal amount of entrained...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Construction of a Compact Low-Cost Radiation Shield for Air-Temperature Sensors in Ecological Field Studies
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Published on: November 6, 2018

Durable Core-Shell Scatterer Coating with Heat Storage for Radiative Cooling.

Mingqi Gu1, Jiyuan Yu1, Chunyan Hu1

  • 1Key Lab of Sustainable Low-carbon Technologies for Textile Dyeing and Finishing, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai201620, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|July 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel inorganic core-shell scatterer coating that resists UV damage and stores heat. This passive radiative cooling (PRC) material offers stable, continuous cooling without nighttime overcooling, addressing global warming.

Keywords:
antisoilingcore–shellheat storagepassive radiative coolingultraviolet resistance

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Published on: August 7, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Sustainable Energy

Background:

  • Passive radiative cooling (PRC) offers a zero-energy solution for global warming and energy crises.
  • Existing PRC materials suffer from environmental degradation and nighttime overcooling, limiting their practical application.
  • Stable and continuous cooling solutions are needed to overcome these limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and fabricate a novel inorganic core-shell scatterer (ICSS) with enhanced durability and thermal management capabilities.
  • To integrate ultraviolet (UV) resistance, antisoiling properties, and heat storage into a single radiative cooling coating.
  • To evaluate the cooling performance, temperature stability, and long-term durability of the developed ICSS coating.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of ICSS using silanization modification and evaporation-driven assembly to create a superhydrophobic surface.
  • Characterization of optical properties, including solar reflectance and infrared emittance.
  • Integration of phase change material (PCM) for heat absorption and release.
  • Testing of UV resistance (336 h irradiation) and outdoor aging (1 month).

Main Results:

  • The ICSS coating achieved high solar reflectance (96.7%) and infrared emittance (98.8%).
  • An average daytime cooling effect of 4.8 °C was observed, with minimal nighttime overcooling (0.6 °C below ambient).
  • The coating demonstrated excellent durability, with only minor decreases in solar reflectivity after UV and outdoor aging tests.

Conclusions:

  • The developed ICSS coating provides a stable, durable, and efficient passive radiative cooling solution.
  • The integrated UV resistance and thermal storage effectively address limitations of conventional PRC materials.
  • This technology shows significant potential for real-world applications in combating global warming and energy challenges.