Safeguarding nanovesicles and their payload: A framework for stable storage

Recent advances in biomedical science have shifted therapeutic strategies toward biologics, nucleic acid-based medicines, and precision gene regulation, demanding equally sophisticated delivery and preservation vehicles. This shift is epitomized by the breakthrough of RNA therapeutics during the COVID-19 pandemic, which are now advancing into oncology, autoimmune disorders, and inflammatory diseases, alongside powerful gene-editing, and gene-regulation tools. Biological nanoparticles and, in particular, (EVs) are uniquely positioned to enable targeted delivery of these advanced strategies. Their favorable biodistribution, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and high loading capacity make them an ideal delivery platform. However, a critical translational gap remains: while experimental innovation accelerates, the practical knowledge of selecting appropriate dosage forms, storage conditions, and necessary stabilizers is lacking. This challenge extends beyond maintaining vehicle integrity to the crucial preservation of the therapeutic payload's activity. This review examines current advancements in EVs storage methods and conditions, highlighting the challenges for preserving functional activity of the payload. By evaluating preservation strategies and their effects on EV integrity and cargo stability, we discuss critical insights to enhance storage, ensuring both structural preservation of EVs and functionality of bioactive cargo.