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Temporal dynamics of subjective experience and performance during a dual-task in trained cyclists.

Juan-José Pérez-Díaz¹, Darias Holgado², Clara Alameda³

¹Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain.

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

|July 6, 2026

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Task Failure in Endurance Sports: A Review.

Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)·2026

Subjective experiences like pleasure and effort dynamically change during endurance exercise, impacting athletic performance. Understanding these evolving mental states is key for optimizing training in sports.

Area of Science:

Sports Science
Exercise Physiology
Cognitive Psychology

Background:

Subjective experiences during prolonged exercise are complex and influence performance.
Previous research often lacks continuous, multidimensional assessment of these states.
Endurance sports demand both physical exertion and cognitive engagement.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the temporal evolution of subjective experiences during a combined physical and cognitive task.
To analyze the dynamic interplay between subjective states (pleasure, boredom, mind-wandering, effort) and performance metrics.
To explore the impact of fatigue on the relationship between subjective experience and performance in trained cyclists.

Main Methods:

Utilized the Temporal Experience Tracing (TET) method for retrospective assessment of subjective states.

Keywords:

Cognitive load Cognitive performance Cycling Endurance Physical exercise TET

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Recorded continuous physical (power output) and cognitive (reaction time) performance data.

Analyzed nonlinear, dynamic interactions between subjective trajectories and performance outcomes.

Main Results:

Subjective states evolved nonlinearly, with pleasure-performance association reversing over time.
Physical effort correlated with power output, while cognitive effort linked to reaction time.
Mind-wandering initially associated with higher power output; boredom showed complex reversals with fatigue.

Conclusions:

Subjective experiences exhibit distinct temporal patterns and dynamic associations with physical and cognitive demands.
Continuous, multidimensional retrospective assessment is valuable for understanding subjective experience in endurance sports.
Findings highlight significant inter-individual variability in subjective responses to exercise stress.