Multiclass pesticide residues in grapes and grape products: occurrence, analytical advances, and food safety...

The widespread use of pesticides in viticulture has raised increasing concerns regarding residue contamination in grapes and grape-derived products. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and critical synthesis of multiclass pesticide residues, focusing on their occurrence, analytical detection, and food safety implications. A systematic evaluation of recent studies reveals that grapes frequently contain multiple pesticide residues, with fungicides being the dominant class, followed by insecticides and acaricides. Advanced multiresidue analytical methods, particularly QuEChERS combined with GC-MS/MS, LC-MS/MS, and high-resolution mass spectrometry, have enabled sensitive and simultaneous detection of diverse pesticide compounds, including emerging contaminants and metabolites. In addition, rapid detection tools such as biosensors and portable devices have gained attention as complementary screening approaches. Key findings indicate that pesticide residues often occur as complex mixtures, highlighting the limitations of single-residue risk assessment and the need for cumulative exposure evaluation. Processing techniques, including washing, fermentation, and clarification, can reduce residue levels but do not completely eliminate contamination. Overall, this review emphasizes the importance of integrating advanced analytical techniques with comprehensive risk assessment frameworks to improve food safety management and support sustainable grape production systems.