Evaluating the impact of PBM wavelengths on CTGF-driven tenogenic differentiation of ADMSCs through multi-level...

Evaluating the Impact of PBM Wavelengths on CTGF-Driven Tenogenic Differentiation of ADMSCs Through Multi-Level Analyses" studied the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) on the tenogenic differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) stimulated with connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) using a range of wavelengths (525 nm, 825 nm, and their combination) and fluences (5 and 10 J/cm²). Gene expression (qPCR for COL1A1, COL3A1, TNMD, TNC, BGN, and SMAD3), morphological alterations (Giemsa staining), metabolic activity (ATP test), and cytotoxicity (LDH release) were all evaluated using a multi-level experimental design. On Day 5, ATP production was significantly enhanced without cytotoxicity by using dual-wavelength PBM at 5 J/cm². On the other hand, metabolic activity was decreased but membrane integrity was preserved at a higher fluence of 10 J/cm². By Day 10, the spindle-shaped morphology and cellular alignment were more apparent in Giemsa-stained cells that had been exposed to dual-wavelength PBM. A synergistic impact in promoting tendon-specific lineage commitment was shown by gene expression analysis, which showed substantial elevation of critical tenogenic markers under dual-wavelength PBM at 5 J/cm². Taken together, these results show that PBM works best when the wavelength and dosage are optimized, and they provide credence to the idea that PBM might be a non-invasive way to boost tendon regeneration procedures that use stem cells.