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A High-Performance Si-Based Photocathode Enhanced by Spatial Confinement Strategy for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen

Chunyuan Jia¹, Xin Li¹, Jinze Lyu²

¹The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biotechnology Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

|July 7, 2026

Summary

Researchers developed a new silicon photocathode using a spatial confinement strategy. This design enhances light absorption and protects the silicon, significantly improving photoelectrochemical performance for hydrogen evolution.

Keywords:

Si-based photocathode hydrogen evolution parasitic light absorption photoelectrochemical spatial confinement

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Published on: July 25, 2025

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Photocatalysis

Background:

Metallic modifications on silicon (Si)-based photocathodes cause light reflection, limiting Si light absorption and photocathode efficiency.
Parasitic light absorption by metallic layers hinders efficient photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

To design a high-performance Si-based photocathode using a spatial confinement strategy.
To enhance light absorption and suppress parasitic reflection for improved photoelectrochemical performance.
To protect the silicon photocathode from electrolyte corrosion.

Main Methods:

Spatial confinement strategy to localize platinum (Pt) cocatalysts on a titanium (Ti) protective layer atop pyramid structures.
Coating other regions with a silicon dioxide (SiO2) layer to allow light penetration to the underlying Si.
Photoelectrochemical testing under simulated solar illumination (1 sun, AM 1.5G).

Main Results:

The optimized photocathode (OP-Si/SiO2/Ti/Pt) demonstrated an onset potential of 0.415 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE).
Achieved a photocurrent density of -13.93 mA cm-2 at 0 V vs RHE, significantly outperforming the control (OP-Si/Ti/Pt).
The SiO2 and Ti layers effectively protected the Si from electrolyte corrosion.

Conclusions:

The spatial confinement strategy successfully suppresses parasitic light absorption and enhances photoelectrochemical performance.
The developed Si-based photocathode shows superior efficiency and stability for hydrogen evolution reactions.
This approach offers a promising pathway for developing highly efficient Si-based photocathodes.