Polysaccharide-functionalized Nanoemulsions for Enhanced Gastric Targeting in Helicobacter pylori-induced Peptic...

Helicobacter pylori infection causes peptic ulcer disease that affects a huge population of the world. The resistance to antibiotics is increasing so fast that the efficacy of the traditional eradication therapies is declining, as the bacterium can develop protective biofilms, and mutations in the genes 23SrRNA (responding to clarithromycin), and rdxA (responding to metronidazole) are emerging. This review discusses how polysaccharide- coated nanoemulsions (PCNs) can be a promising new way of drug delivery to address these major problems. In this review, the preclinical information on PCN development and application is gathered. Colloidal mixtures of oil and water (so-called nanoemulsions (NEs)) could be produced by high-energy processes (high-pressure homogenization and ultrasonication) or by low-energy processes (phase inversion temperature). NEs enhance the bioavailability and solubility of poorly soluble antibiotics or natural bioactive compounds (curcumin). The polysaccharide coating is advantageous in two aspects: Mucoadhesion, the association to the gastric negative mucosa, which increases gastroretention, thereby prolonging the period of contact of the drug where the infection is occurring. Increased penetration, through which the small size and polymer properties of the nanocarrier enable its penetration through bacterial biofilms, which is a major cause of therapy failure. This breach and bombardment strategy can attain high local levels of drugs, overcoming resistance mechanisms such as efflux pumps and getting rid of persisting bacteria by co-encapsulating antibiotics with biofilm-disrupting agents. PCNs come out as an alternative that can help enhance the eradication rates of H. pylori. This nanoformulation can be an effective answer to improve clinical outcomes in the management of peptic ulcers by improving drug stability, targeting the gastric mucosa, and overcoming the issue of antibiotic resistance, as well as biofilm challenges.