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Related Concept Videos

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the para position.
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During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.
Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines01:25

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

Heterocyclic amines, where the N atom is a part of an alicyclic system, are similar in basicity to alkylamines. Interestingly, the heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring has much less basicity than its corresponding alicyclic counterpart. For this reason, as presented in Figure 1, piperidine (pKb = 2.8) is significantly more basic than pyridine (pKb = 8.8).
Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...

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Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach
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Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach

Published on: June 10, 2021

First charge transfer complex with a furazano[3,4-b]pyrazine-based acceptor.

Svyatoslav E Tolstikov1, Daniil E Efanov1, Viktor E Ermakov1,2

  • 1International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str., 3A, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation. tse@tomo.nsc.ru.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|July 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel charge transfer complex involving two stable charged radicals. The cation-anion stacking arrangement within the organic material is shown to be solvent-dependent.

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Published on: August 22, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Organic chemistry
  • Materials science
  • Supramolecular chemistry

Background:

  • Stable charged radicals are rare in organic materials.
  • Charge transfer complexes are of interest for their unique electronic properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize the first charge transfer complex of a dimethylphenazine radical cation and a furazano[3,4-b]pyrazine-based radical anion.
  • To investigate the influence of solvent on the solid-state structure of this complex.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC XRD)
  • Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD)
  • SQUID magnetometry
  • Computational methods

Main Results:

  • The synthesis of a novel charge transfer complex between a dimethylphenazine radical cation and a furazano[3,4-b]pyrazine radical anion was achieved.
  • SC XRD revealed distinct cation-anion stacking motifs: -C-A-C-A- in THF and -A-A-C-C- in CH2Cl2.
  • PXRD, SQUID, and computational studies provided further characterization of the material's features.

Conclusions:

  • The formation of stable charged radical complexes is feasible.
  • Solvent plays a crucial role in determining the supramolecular assembly and solid-state structure of organic charge transfer complexes.
  • This work opens avenues for designing organic materials with tunable solid-state structures.