Mitophagy in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease: Mechanisms, Regulatory Networks, and Therapeutic...

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MASLD) represents the most prevalent chronic liver disorder globally, with pathogenesis closely linked to insulin resistance, obesity, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction is central to MASLD progression, and mitophagy-a selective form of autophagy that clears damaged mitochondria-plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. This review systematically delineates the molecular mechanisms, regulatory networks, and therapeutic implications of mitophagy in MASLD. We first outline the core machinery of mitophagy, encompassing both ubiquitin-dependent and ubiquitin-independent pathways. We then discuss how impaired mitophagy drives the disease progression of MASLD from the perspective of different hepatic cell types. Furthermore, we summarize the multilayered upstream regulatory network governing mitophagy in the context of MASLD, involving key signaling pathways, metabolic reprogramming, inflammatory cues, epigenetic modifications, and intercellular crosstalk. Finally, we examine therapeutic strategies targeting mitophagy-including clinical and preclinical agents, natural compounds, physical interventions, and emerging technologies-and highlight the challenges posed by its dualistic nature. Moving forward, integrating spatiotemporal dynamics with precision targeting will be essential to translate mitophagy modulation from mechanistic insight into viable clinical therapies for MASLD.