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Different Clinical Questions Need Different Estimands.

Oliver Keene1, Helle Lynggaard2, Christine Fletcher3

  • 1KeeneONStatistics, Maidenhead, UK.

Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science
|July 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The ICH E9(R1) estimands framework guides clinical trial analysis. While the treatment-policy strategy is valuable, other estimands are crucial for addressing clinically relevant questions and should be reported in main trial results.

Keywords:
Causal inferenceEstimandsHypothetical strategyIntercurrent eventsTreatment policy

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