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Related Concept Videos

Non-Oral Extravascular Drug Absorption Routes01:15

Non-Oral Extravascular Drug Absorption Routes

Non-oral extravascular routes, which encompass sublingual, buccal, topical, intramuscular, and inhalation methods, primarily utilize passive diffusion to transport drugs into the systemic circulation. The absorption rates and effectiveness of these routes depend on the drug's physicochemical properties, as well as the patient's anatomical and pathophysiological state.
Lipophilic drugs that are stable at salivary pH (6) and exhibit minimal binding to the oral mucosa are absorbed more effectively...
Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral01:25

Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral

The administration of drugs via parenteral routes allows for direct drug introduction into the systemic circulation, resulting in high bioavailability because the medication bypasses the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and hepatic metabolism.
The intravenous route (IV) of drug administration can be further categorized into two types. The bolus injection administers the entire dose rapidly, while an intravenous infusion slowly delivers smaller doses steadily.
The IV route is often...
Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Repetitive IV Injections01:21

Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Repetitive IV Injections

Calculating drug dosage and accumulation in multiple-dose regimens is crucial for achieving therapeutic efficacy while avoiding toxicity. This involves determining the plasma drug concentrations over time to optimize dosing schedules. The principle of superposition is fundamental in this process, allowing for the prediction of drug concentration in plasma following multiple doses based on single-dose data.The principle of superposition asserts that the plasma concentration-time curves from...
Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems01:26

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems

Continuous-release drug delivery systems offer a strategic approach to maintaining therapeutic drug levels over extended periods following oral administration. By modulating the release rate of active pharmaceutical ingredients, these systems minimize fluctuations in plasma concentrations, which enhances clinical efficacy and reduces the need for frequent dosing. Such characteristics make them particularly advantageous in managing chronic diseases where patient adherence and stable drug...
Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacokinetics01:11

Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacokinetics

All neuromuscular blocking agents are injected intravenously because they are poorly absorbed from the GI tract. Rapid onset is achieved with intravenous administration, although absorption is also adequate from an intramuscular injection. Since these agents are highly ionized, they do not readily penetrate cell membranes or cross the blood-brain barrier.
Instead, they are transported by the blood to different tissues. Muscles with a greater blood supply (arteries) and blood flow receive more...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Intravascular Delivery of Biologics to the Rat Kidney
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Long-Acting Injectable Buprenorphine: Uptake Was Rapid But Uneven, 2021-24.

Arthur Robin Williams1, Jialiang Hua2, Mark Olfson3

  • 1Arthur Robin Williams (aw2879@cumc.columbia.edu), New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, New York.

Health Affairs (Project Hope)
|July 7, 2026
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Summary

Long-acting injectable buprenorphine prescriptions are increasing, with nurse practitioners prescribing most. Medicaid is the primary payer for these addiction treatment episodes.

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Published on: February 14, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Addiction Medicine
  • Health Services Research

Background:

  • Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a significant public health crisis.
  • Buprenorphine is a key medication for OUD treatment.
  • Long-acting injectable (LAI) formulations offer potential advantages in OUD management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize prescription patterns, prescriber types, and payer sources for LAI buprenorphine.
  • To analyze trends in LAI buprenorphine utilization from 2021 to 2024.
  • To identify variations in LAI buprenorphine initiation and prescribing across different US states.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of nationwide IQVIA pharmacy prescription data.
  • Identification of buprenorphine prescription episodes initiated with LAI formulations.
  • Categorization of episodes by prescriber type (e.g., nurse practitioners) and payer (e.g., Medicaid).

Main Results:

  • Over 2.2 million buprenorphine episodes were analyzed, with 1.83% initiated with LAI formulations.
  • LAI buprenorphine initiation varied significantly by state.
  • By 2024, Medicaid was the predominant payer (71% of LAI episodes).
  • Advanced practice clinicians, primarily nurse practitioners, prescribed the majority (62%) of LAI buprenorphine episodes.

Conclusions:

  • LAI buprenorphine represents a growing but still small proportion of overall buprenorphine prescriptions.
  • Nurse practitioners are key prescribers of LAI buprenorphine, highlighting their role in OUD treatment.
  • Medicaid's increasing role as a payer suggests expanding access to LAI buprenorphine for underserved populations.