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Related Concept Videos

Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:24

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
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Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, or CMRI, is a non-invasive diagnostic test that employs a magnetic field and radiofrequency waves to create precise images of the heart and arteries. It provides comprehensive information about cardiac anatomy, function, perfusion, and tissue characterization without ionizing radiation.IndicationsCMRI diagnoses various heart conditions, including tissue damage from heart attacks, ischemic heart disease, myocarditis, aortic issues (tears, aneurysms,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Magnetic and Thermal-sensitive Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based Microgels for Magnetically Triggered Controlled Release
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Tunable, High-Relaxivity Gd(III)-Conjugated Lipoic Acid Hydrogels for Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Andrew R Brotherton1, Bennett Phillips-Sorich1, Shifa Noor Mohamed1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|July 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study optimized lipoic acid (LA)-based hydrogels for diverse applications. Adding tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) enhanced polymerization, while varying bases controlled viscosity for uses like injectable gels. High relaxivity was achieved for potential MRI contrast agents.

Keywords:
MRIgadoliniumhydrogellipoic acidrelaxivity

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Published on: July 21, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Lipoic acid (LA) hydrogels offer potential for various applications, but their synthesis and properties require optimization.
  • Controlling polymerization, viscosity, and relaxivity is crucial for tailoring hydrogels to specific uses, such as drug delivery or imaging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the polymerization, viscosity, and relaxivity of lipoic acid (LA)-based hydrogels.
  • To explore the effects of bases, additives, and reducing agents like tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) on hydrogel properties.
  • To evaluate the potential of these hydrogels as MRI contrast agents.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized LA-based hydrogels by varying bases, additives, and Gd3+ chelates, with and without TCEP.
  • Measured polymerization efficiency, viscosity (ranging from 1 × 108 to 1 × 103 mPa·s), and relaxivity (r1 = 49.2 ± 1.2 mM-1 s-1 at 1.4 T).
  • Confirmed cellular uptake via confocal fluorescence microscopy and assessed *in vivo* contrast at 9.4 T.

Main Results:

  • TCEP significantly improved LA polymerization by converting disulfides to thiol initiators.
  • Base deprotonation was essential for LA solubilization and polymer propagation.
  • Hydrogel viscosity was highly tunable, enabling applications from ointments to injectables.
  • Inner sphere and microenvironment of Gd3+ chelates dominated relaxivity, achieving high values.

Conclusions:

  • LA-based hydrogels can be effectively synthesized and tuned for specific properties by controlling polymerization and viscosity.
  • The developed hydrogels demonstrate high relaxivity, indicating promise as MRI contrast agents.
  • Further development could lead to advanced materials for biomedical applications, including targeted imaging and drug delivery.