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Related Concept Videos

Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
Electromagnetic Wave Equation01:24

Electromagnetic Wave Equation

Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic fields are related to source charges, either static or moving. These fields act on a test charge, whose trajectory can thus be determined using suitable boundary conditions. The objective of electromagnetism is thus theoretically complete.
However, although electric and magnetic fields were first introduced as mathematical constructs to simplify the description of mutual forces between charges, a natural question emerges from Maxwell's equations: What...
Standing Electromagnetic Waves01:15

Standing Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
Suppose a sheet of a perfect conductor is placed in the yz-plane, and a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave traveling in the...
Electromagnetic Waves01:30

Electromagnetic Waves

James Clerk Maxwell formulated a single theory combining all the electric and magnetic effects scientists knew during that time, calling the phenomena his theory predicted “Electromagnetic waves”. He brought together all the work that had been done by brilliant physicists such as Oersted, Coulomb, Gauss, and Faraday and added his own insights to develop the overarching theory of electromagnetism. Maxwell’s equations, combined with the Lorentz force law, encompass all the laws of electricity and...
Generating Electromagnetic Radiations01:10

Generating Electromagnetic Radiations

The German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) was the first to generate and detect certain types of electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. Starting in 1887, he performed a series of experiments that confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and verified that they travel at the speed of light. Hertz used an alternating-current RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit that resonated at a known frequency and connected it to a loop of wire. High voltages induced across the gap in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Demonstration of Equal-Intensity Beam Generation by Dielectric Metasurfaces
09:33

Demonstration of Equal-Intensity Beam Generation by Dielectric Metasurfaces

Published on: June 7, 2019

Reprogrammable Bistable Metasurface for Arbitrary Electromagnetic Wave Manipulation.

Donghai Han1, Haoyuan Lu1, Zhonglei Shen2

  • 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|July 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel 1-bit phase-coding deformable unit for mechanically reconfigurable metasurfaces. This breakthrough enables arbitrary function switching and broadband performance for advanced electromagnetic applications.

Keywords:
1‐bit phase‐coding3D bucklingelectromagnetic multifunctionalitiesmechanical bistabilityreprogrammable metasurface

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Demonstration of Equal-Intensity Beam Generation by Dielectric Metasurfaces
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Published on: September 25, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Metamaterials and Nanophotonics
  • Electromagnetics and Wave Phenomena
  • Materials Science and Engineering

Background:

  • Mechanically reconfigurable metasurfaces offer continuous modulation of electromagnetic responses.
  • Current designs with limited phase modulation restrict full reprogrammability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a 1-bit phase-coding deformable unit for fully reprogrammable metasurfaces.
  • To demonstrate broadband performance and arbitrary functionality switching.

Main Methods:

  • Designed a deformable unit using two 3D bistable antennas on a hollow hyper-elastic substrate.
  • Utilized out-of-plane loading for 3D buckling and shape switching to program phase patterns.
  • Fabricated and tested a reprogrammable metasurface prototype.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a 1-bit phase-coding concept with controllable interference of bistable antennas.
  • Demonstrated superior broadband performance and reliable, repeatable functionality switching.
  • Validated the arbitrary programming of phase patterns through mechanical loading.

Conclusions:

  • The developed 1-bit phase-coding deformable unit provides a robust foundation for mechanically reprogrammable metasurfaces.
  • This approach overcomes limitations of constrained phase modulation ranges.
  • Opens new avenues for adaptive imaging, sensing, cloaking, and information processing.