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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity, and disease...
The Oral Microbiota01:27

The Oral Microbiota

The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics01:21

Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics

Antibiotics have revolutionized modern medicine by saving countless lives from bacterial infections. However, their widespread use has inadvertently harmed the delicate balance of the human gut microbiota. The gut microbiota, a complex community of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi, plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, immune responses, and maintaining intestinal health. Antibiotics, especially broad-spectrum types, disrupt this ecosystem by eradicating both harmful and beneficial...
The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from the skin...

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Updated: Jul 10, 2026

A Method to Define the Effects of Environmental Enrichment on Colon Microbiome Biodiversity in a Mouse Colon Tumor Model
08:14

A Method to Define the Effects of Environmental Enrichment on Colon Microbiome Biodiversity in a Mouse Colon Tumor Model

Published on: February 28, 2018

Operationalizing microbiome ecology in cancer care.

Joao B Xavier1

  • 1Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.

Cell Host & Microbe
|July 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Cancer treatments harm the gut microbiome, impacting patient outcomes. Understanding microbiome ecology allows for predictions and interventions to improve cancer care.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiome research
  • Cancer biology
  • Ecological dynamics

Background:

  • Cancer therapies, including chemotherapy and radiation, significantly alter the gut microbiome composition.
  • These microbiome disruptions are associated with poorer clinical outcomes and increased treatment toxicity in cancer patients.
  • Current understanding of microbiome dynamics during cancer treatment is limited, hindering targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To apply ecological principles to understand microbiome changes during cancer treatment.
  • To develop predictive models for microbiome trajectories in cancer patients.
  • To explore strategies for microbiome restoration to improve cancer care.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal sampling of the gut microbiome in cancer patients undergoing treatment.

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  • Application of ecological state-transition models to analyze microbiome dynamics.
  • Assessment of microbial community structure and function over time.

    • Main Results:

    • Cancer treatment induces significant and measurable shifts in the gut microbiome, representing transitions between distinct ecological states.
    • Microbiome trajectories can be predicted based on ecological modeling, identifying periods of vulnerability or resilience.
    • Specific microbial restoration strategies show potential for mitigating treatment-induced dysbiosis.

    Conclusions:

    • Viewing microbiome changes through an ecological lens provides a framework for prediction and intervention.
    • Longitudinal microbiome monitoring is crucial for understanding treatment-induced disruptions.
    • Microbial restoration strategies informed by ecological principles offer a promising avenue for enhancing cancer patient care and outcomes.