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Electroanalytical platforms for codeine determination - A comparison between electrified liquid-liquid interface and

Grzegorz Kowalski1, Aleksandra Mikołajczyk2, Konrad Rudnicki2

  • 1Electrochemistry@Soft Interfaces Team, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, Lodz, 91-403, Poland; BioMedChem Doctoral School of University of Lodz and Lodz Institutes of Polish Academy of Sciences, University of Lodz, Matejki 21/23, Lodz, 90-237, Poland.

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Summary

This study presents new electroanalytical methods for detecting codeine (COD) using interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) and glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Microscopic ITIES (μITIES) showed superior sensitivity and lower detection limits for COD analysis in pharmaceutical samples.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Pharmaceutical Analysis

Background:

  • Codeine (COD) detection is crucial in pharmaceutical analysis.
  • Interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) and glassy carbon electrode (GCE) are common sensing platforms.
  • Understanding electrochemical behavior is key for developing accurate detection protocols.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the electrochemical behavior of codeine (COD) using ITIES and GCE.
  • To develop and compare electroanalytical protocols for COD detection.
  • To assess the performance of different sensing platforms for COD in pharmaceutical formulations.

Main Methods:

  • Electrochemical investigation of COD over a wide pH range (2-12) at ITIES and GCE.
  • Electroanalysis using macroscopic and miniaturized ITIES (μITIES) and GCE.
  • Determination of physiochemical parameters like diffusion coefficients and partition coefficients at ITIES.
  • Application of developed methods for COD detection in cough syrup.

Main Results:

  • ITIES provided key physiochemical parameters for COD.
  • Miniaturized ITIES (μITIES) exhibited lower detection limits (0.75 μM) compared to GCE (6.75 μM) and macroscopic ITIES.
  • GCE showed electrode surface passivation issues, affecting reproducibility.
  • μITIES demonstrated superior sensitivity and recovery rates in pharmaceutical samples.

Conclusions:

  • Miniaturized ITIES (μITIES) offer superior electroanalytical performance for codeine detection.
  • μITIES are more suitable than GCE for real-world sensing applications, especially in pharmaceutical analysis.
  • Developed electroanalytical protocols provide sensitive and reproducible methods for codeine quantification.