Serial effects in choice and confidence modulate each other: Evidence from 26 experiments

Perception and memory at timepoint N are biased by the timepoint N-1 decision, a phenomenon known as serial dependence. A similar dependence has been found for confidence ratings, a phenomenon known as "confidence leak." These two types of serial effects have mostly been assumed to be independent and have typically been attributed to distinct explanatory mechanisms. Here, using data from 26 experiments (total N = 1876), we show that choice and confidence serial effects are strongly associated and even modulate each other. We first confirm that choice and confidence serial effects are robustly present in both perception (16 experiments) and memory (10 experiments) tasks. Critically, we find that choice serial effects and confidence leak interact with each other in all 26 experiments. Specifically, switching the perceptual or memory choice substantially weakens confidence leak. What is more, switching the confidence rating not only attenuates but in fact reverses the choice serial effect. Further, we show that manipulating the choice on a trial-by-trial basis by interleaving stimulus categories modulates confidence leak. Finally, we found that subjects who exhibit stronger choice serial effects also exhibit stronger confidence leak. These results demonstrate that serial effects in choice and confidence are strongly related and suggest the possibility of common mechanisms underlying different serial effects.