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Related Concept Videos

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics01:17

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
When administered orally, drugs establish a substantial concentration gradient between the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen and the bloodstream, expediting their diffusion into...
Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Blood Flow-Limited Versus Diffusion-Limited Models00:57

Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Blood Flow-Limited Versus Diffusion-Limited Models

Physiological pharmacokinetic models, often called flow-limited or perfusion models, typically assume a swift drug distribution between tissue and venous blood, creating a rapid drug equilibrium. This premise is based on the idea that drug diffusion is extremely fast, and the cell membrane presents no barrier to drug permeation. In this scenario, where no drug binding occurs, the drug concentration in the tissue equals that of the venous blood leaving the tissue. This greatly simplifies the...
Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model01:15

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model

Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...
Carrier-Mediated Transport01:06

Carrier-Mediated Transport

Carrier-mediated transport is a pivotal process in drug absorption, particularly for lipid-insoluble drugs, and encompasses facilitated diffusion and active transport. Facilitated diffusion allows drugs to move along their concentration gradient without energy expenditure, while active transport utilizes ATP to drive drug movement against this gradient.
Active transport involves two types of membrane-spanning transporters: uptake and efflux. Uptake transporters are expressed in the small...
Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model01:09

Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model

Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the concentration...
Cellular Membranes and Drug Transport01:24

Cellular Membranes and Drug Transport

Drugs must traverse multiple biological barriers, such as multi-layered skin, single-layered intestinal epithelium, and the plasma membrane, to reach their target sites within the body. The plasma membrane, a highly structured composite of phospholipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, is the cell's protective boundary, facilitating selective substance exchange.
Phospholipids arrange themselves into a bilayer, with hydrophilic heads oriented outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Models and Methods to Evaluate Transport of Drug Delivery Systems Across Cellular Barriers
18:57

Models and Methods to Evaluate Transport of Drug Delivery Systems Across Cellular Barriers

Published on: October 17, 2013

Testing Bound-State Diffusion as a Model for Mucosal Transport of Nanoparticles.

Damien M Trujeque1, Ameya G Prabhune2, Nuris Figueroa-Morales2

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States.

ACS Applied Bio Materials
|July 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary

New nanoparticles designed with hyaluronic acid (HA) demonstrate enhanced mucus penetration. This bound-state diffusion approach allows therapeutic delivery through mucosal barriers, overcoming previous limitations.

Keywords:
bound-state diffusionhyaluronic acidmucous diffusionnanoparticlesphage-like particles

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Predicting In Vivo Payloads Delivery using a Blood-brain Tumor-barrier in a Dish
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Predicting In Vivo Payloads Delivery using a Blood-brain Tumor-barrier in a Dish

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Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Models and Methods to Evaluate Transport of Drug Delivery Systems Across Cellular Barriers
18:57

Models and Methods to Evaluate Transport of Drug Delivery Systems Across Cellular Barriers

Published on: October 17, 2013

Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
15:04

Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols

Published on: May 20, 2016

Predicting In Vivo Payloads Delivery using a Blood-brain Tumor-barrier in a Dish
13:34

Predicting In Vivo Payloads Delivery using a Blood-brain Tumor-barrier in a Dish

Published on: April 16, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Drug Delivery

Background:

  • Mucus presents a significant barrier to therapeutic delivery at epithelial surfaces.
  • Conventional nanoparticles face challenges of either being washed away or having limited mobility within mucus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the bound-state diffusion hypothesis for enhanced mucus penetration of nanoparticles.
  • To design nanoparticles that can overcome mucus barriers for effective therapeutic delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized bacteriophage-based nanoparticles decorated with hyaluronic acid (HA) polymers of varying lengths (10 and 50 kDa).
  • Investigated nanoparticle mobility within mucus using the bound-state diffusion framework.
  • Co-decorated nanoparticles with HA and MVASI (an antibody) to assess biological activity retention.

Main Results:

  • Nanoparticles with long HA polymers exhibited significant mobility within mucus, despite HA's known mucus-binding properties.
  • The observed mobility aligns with the bound-state diffusion hypothesis, enabling motion while bound.
  • Co-decorated nanoparticles maintained both muco-diffusive properties and the biological activity of the MVASI antibody.

Conclusions:

  • Bound-state diffusion is a feasible strategy for designing nanoparticles capable of penetrating mucosal barriers.
  • This approach facilitates the delivery of biologics through mucus, overcoming limitations of previous nanoparticle designs.
  • The study demonstrates the potential for improved therapeutic delivery across epithelial surfaces.